First Principles Calculations of Charge and Spin Density Waves of sqr3-Adsorbates on Semiconductors

We present ab-initio electronic structure results on the surface of sqr3 adsorbates. In particular, we address the issue of metal-insulator instabilities, charge-density-waves (CDWs) or spin-density-waves (SDWs), driven by partly filled surface states and their 2D Fermi surface, and/or by the onset of magnetic instabilities. The focus is both on the newly discovered commensurate CDW transitions in the Pb/Ge(111) and Sn/Ge(111) structures, and on the puzzling semiconducting behavior of the Pb/Ge(111), K/Si(111):B and SiC(0001) surfaces. In all cases, the main factor driving the instability appears to be an extremely narrow surface state band. We have carried out so far preliminary calculations for the Si/Si(111) surface, chosen as our model system, within the gradient corrected local density (LDA+GC) and local spin density (LSD+GC) approximations, with the aim of understanding the possible interplay between 2D Fermi surface and electron correlations in the surface + adsorbate system. Our spin- unrestricted results show that the sqr3 paramagnetic surface is unstable towards a commensurate SDW with periodicity 3x3 and magnetization 1/3.Comment: 9 pages, 4 Postscript figures, to be published in Surf. Sc

Physiological Responses to Feeding a Yeast Culture Supplement to Transition Dairy Cows

The transition period is the dynamic stage in the lactation cycle, where the most metabolic changes can occur. The use of nutritional strategies, such as yeast culture, can help cows during the transition from pregnancy to early lactation, improving health and decreasing the incidence of metabolic disorders. The first objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of a commercial yeast culture product (YC; Cellerate Culture Classic HD, Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ) on performance, blood biomarkers, and rumen fermentation and bacterial population in dairy cows during the transition period through 50 days in milk (DIM). Overall, the results showed that yeast culture products could promote positive responses on performance, such as milk yield, somatic cell count (SCC), and energy corrected milk (ECM). In the rumen, yeast culture product contributed to increased valerate, which was accompanied by improvements in rumen bacteria populations such as cellulolytic and lactic acid-utilizing bacteria. In addition, the results suggest that yeast may influence lipid metabolism in transition dairy cows, based on nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) markers. The second objective was to assess the effects of yeast-based products on metabolism, inflammation, liver function, and immune function through blood biomarkers and gene expression in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in dairy cows during the transition period until 50 DIM. Yeast supplementation might stimulate a mild inflammatory response in transition dairy cows, based on blood biomarker and PMNL mRNA expression. In summary, we observed that yeast culture could promote improvements in performance, rumen bacteria population, and stimulate the immune system in transition dairy cows through 50 DIM

The mechanism for the 3 x 3 distortion of Sn/ge (111)

We show that two distinct $3 \times 3$ ground states, one nonmagnetic, metallic, and distorted, the other magnetic, semimetallic (or insulating) and undistorted, compete in $\alpha$-phase adsorbates on semiconductor (111) surfaces. In Sn/Ge(111), LSDA/GGA calculations indicate, in agreement with experiment, that the distorted metallic ground state prevails. The reason for stability of this state is analysed, and is traced to a sort of bond density wave, specifically a modulation of the antibonding state filling between the adatom and a Ge-Ge bond directly underneath

Real effects of banking crises: a survey of the literature

The literature is unanimous in highlighting that banking crises have a negative impact on GDP, usually more pronounced in developing economies. The magnitude of the losses is more controversial: the quantitative results of studies on the repercussions of banking crises on economic activity, in fact, are quite uneven. Estimates on the correlation between financial variables and GDP indicate output losses generally greater than ten percentage points of pre-crisis output and exhibit high variability, as a result of the large number of different methodologies adopted to measure real costs. The very high values thus obtained often reflect a problem in identifying the causal nexus between banking crises and real output fluctuations. The most recent literature, which examines the relevance of specific channels of transmission based on individual data, tends to produce a lower estimate of the direct causal effects of banking crises, which are rarely found to cause an output loss exceeding 2 per cent.banking crises, real effects, transmission channesl, procyclicality

An Animated Introduction to Digital Logic Design

This book is designed for use in an introductory course on digital logic design, typically offered in computer engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and other related programs. Such a course is usually offered at the sophomore level. This book makes extensive use of animation to illustrate the flow of data within a digital system and to step through some of the procedures used to design and optimize digital circuits. All of the animations for this book can be found here: https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/dld-animations/https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/oat/1000/thumbnail.jp