84 research outputs found

    In Vivo Methods for the Assessment of Topical Drug Bioavailability

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    This paper reviews some current methods for the in vivo assessment of local cutaneous bioavailability in humans after topical drug application. After an introduction discussing the importance of local drug bioavailability assessment and the limitations of model-based predictions, the focus turns to the relevance of experimental studies. The available techniques are then reviewed in detail, with particular emphasis on the tape stripping and microdialysis methodologies. Other less developed techniques, including the skin biopsy, suction blister, follicle removal and confocal Raman spectroscopy techniques are also described

    Cerebral microdialysis in clinical studies of drugs: pharmacokinetic applications

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    The ability to deliver drug molecules effectively across the blood–brain barrier into the brain is important in the development of central nervous system (CNS) therapies. Cerebral microdialysis is the only existing technique for sampling molecules from the brain extracellular fluid (ECF; also termed interstitial fluid), the compartment to which the astrocytes and neurones are directly exposed. Plasma levels of drugs are often poor predictors of CNS activity. While cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of drugs are often used as evidence of delivery of drug to brain, the CSF is a different compartment to the ECF. The continuous nature of microdialysis sampling of the ECF is ideal for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, and can give valuable PK information of variations with time in drug concentrations of brain ECF versus plasma. The microdialysis technique needs careful calibration for relative recovery (extraction efficiency) of the drug if absolute quantification is required. Besides the drug, other molecules can be analysed in the microdialysates for information on downstream targets and/or energy metabolism in the brain. Cerebral microdialysis is an invasive technique, so is only useable in patients requiring neurocritical care, neurosurgery or brain biopsy. Application of results to wider patient populations, and to those with different pathologies or degrees of pathology, obviously demands caution. Nevertheless, microdialysis data can provide valuable guidelines for designing CNS therapies, and play an important role in small phase II clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the role of cerebral microdialysis in recent clinical studies of antimicrobial agents, drugs for tumour therapy, neuroprotective agents and anticonvulsants

    Energy Storage System for Local Generation in a Grid-connected Microgrid : Sizing and analyzing an energy storage system for the Tezpur University campus

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    Reducing the emissions is an important step in orderto reduce the global warming. At Tezpur University in the Assamregion in Northeast India a project is being performed which willtry to reduce the use of diesel for back-up generation and partlyreplace this with other sources of energy. In 2018 a 1 MW PVplantwas installed as a part of this goal. However, since theconsumption and the PV-production are not synchronized someof the energy goes to waste.This thesis will consider how an energy storage system (ESS)can help to increase the usage of the power produced by thePV-plant. It will also assess the best type and size of the system.In addition to this, a simple economical analysis was performedto determine the profitability of the project.First, data regarding the system at Tezpur University wasgathered. The data of interest was the production of the PVpanels as well as the consumption. This data was then processedso that the consumption and production could be observedfor each hour a typical day. By comparing these two theoverproduction which goes to waste could be estimated. Byevaluating how much energy produced from diesel which couldbe replaced by the ESS an assessment of the savings per yearcould be made. From this the payback period was calculated forthe different size ESS.The results show that a battery energy storage system (BESS)using lithium-ion batteries is the preferred solution in this case.Assuming that 50 % of the life expectancy of a battery is areasonable payback period the maximum size of the battery is127 kWh. The optimal placement of the BESS is at substation 4as the overproduction is the greatest in this area and as there isalso a large load the stored energy would be used fully each day.A battery size of 90 kWh was suggested by the E4T MicroGridproject and considering the payback period this is a reasonablesize for the BESS.Att minska utslÀppen Àr ett viktigt steg iatt minska den globala uppvÀrmningen. Vid Tezpur Universiteti Assam i nordöstra Indien genomförs nu ett projekt somskall minska anvÀndningen av diesel vid avbrott genom attdelvis ersÀtta dessa generatorer med andra energikÀllor. 2018installerades ett solkraftverk om 1 MW som en del i detta mÄl.Eftersom konsumtionen och produktionen frÄn solkraftverketinte Àr helt synkroniserade Àr det delar av den produceradeelektriciteten som skickas tillbaka ut i nÀtet och dÀrmed gÄrförlorad.Det hÀr projektet har undersökt hur ett energilagringssystemkan anvÀndas för att öka anvÀndningen av energin produceradav solkraftverket. En annan del som undersökts Àr vilken typav system och vilken storlek det bör ha. Efter detta görs enenkel ekonomisk analys för att utreda hur ekonomiskt gynnsamtprojektet Àr.Det första som gjordes var att samla data om microsystemetpÄ Tezpur Universitet. Den data som samlades var om produktionenfrÄn solkraftverket och elkonsumtionen i de olika delarnaav universitetet. Genom olika metoder kunde man undersökahur konsumtionen och produktionen var per timme en typiskdag. DÄ man jÀmförde dessa kunde överproduktionen per dagestimeras. Besparingarna som görs berÀknades genom att bytaut en del av dieselanvÀndningen med kostnaden av att laddaenergilagringssystemet. Detta gav tillrÀckligt med information föratt uppskatta Äterbetalningsperioden.Den bÀsta lösningen i det hÀr fallet Àr att installera ettbatterilagringssystem bestÄende av litiumjonbatterier. Under antagandetatt Äterbetalningsperioden maximalt fÄr var 50 % avlivslÀngden av batteriet kommer den största tillÄtna storlekenatt vara 127 kWh. Den optimala placeringen av systemet Àrvid transformatorstation 4 eftersom det Àr dÀr som större delenav överproduktionen uppstÄr. Det Àr Àven till den som störredelen av lasten Àr kopplad vilket garanterar att hela batterietsladdning kan anvÀndas varje dag. Batteristorleken om 90 kWhsom föreslÄs i E4T MicroGrid-projektet Àr en bra storlek medtanke pÄ Äterbetalningsperioden

    Energy Storage System for Local Generation in a Grid-connected Microgrid : Sizing and analyzing an energy storage system for the Tezpur University campus

    No full text
    Reducing the emissions is an important step in orderto reduce the global warming. At Tezpur University in the Assamregion in Northeast India a project is being performed which willtry to reduce the use of diesel for back-up generation and partlyreplace this with other sources of energy. In 2018 a 1 MW PVplantwas installed as a part of this goal. However, since theconsumption and the PV-production are not synchronized someof the energy goes to waste.This thesis will consider how an energy storage system (ESS)can help to increase the usage of the power produced by thePV-plant. It will also assess the best type and size of the system.In addition to this, a simple economical analysis was performedto determine the profitability of the project.First, data regarding the system at Tezpur University wasgathered. The data of interest was the production of the PVpanels as well as the consumption. This data was then processedso that the consumption and production could be observedfor each hour a typical day. By comparing these two theoverproduction which goes to waste could be estimated. Byevaluating how much energy produced from diesel which couldbe replaced by the ESS an assessment of the savings per yearcould be made. From this the payback period was calculated forthe different size ESS.The results show that a battery energy storage system (BESS)using lithium-ion batteries is the preferred solution in this case.Assuming that 50 % of the life expectancy of a battery is areasonable payback period the maximum size of the battery is127 kWh. The optimal placement of the BESS is at substation 4as the overproduction is the greatest in this area and as there isalso a large load the stored energy would be used fully each day.A battery size of 90 kWh was suggested by the E4T MicroGridproject and considering the payback period this is a reasonablesize for the BESS.Att minska utslÀppen Àr ett viktigt steg iatt minska den globala uppvÀrmningen. Vid Tezpur Universiteti Assam i nordöstra Indien genomförs nu ett projekt somskall minska anvÀndningen av diesel vid avbrott genom attdelvis ersÀtta dessa generatorer med andra energikÀllor. 2018installerades ett solkraftverk om 1 MW som en del i detta mÄl.Eftersom konsumtionen och produktionen frÄn solkraftverketinte Àr helt synkroniserade Àr det delar av den produceradeelektriciteten som skickas tillbaka ut i nÀtet och dÀrmed gÄrförlorad.Det hÀr projektet har undersökt hur ett energilagringssystemkan anvÀndas för att öka anvÀndningen av energin produceradav solkraftverket. En annan del som undersökts Àr vilken typav system och vilken storlek det bör ha. Efter detta görs enenkel ekonomisk analys för att utreda hur ekonomiskt gynnsamtprojektet Àr.Det första som gjordes var att samla data om microsystemetpÄ Tezpur Universitet. Den data som samlades var om produktionenfrÄn solkraftverket och elkonsumtionen i de olika delarnaav universitetet. Genom olika metoder kunde man undersökahur konsumtionen och produktionen var per timme en typiskdag. DÄ man jÀmförde dessa kunde överproduktionen per dagestimeras. Besparingarna som görs berÀknades genom att bytaut en del av dieselanvÀndningen med kostnaden av att laddaenergilagringssystemet. Detta gav tillrÀckligt med information föratt uppskatta Äterbetalningsperioden.Den bÀsta lösningen i det hÀr fallet Àr att installera ettbatterilagringssystem bestÄende av litiumjonbatterier. Under antagandetatt Äterbetalningsperioden maximalt fÄr var 50 % avlivslÀngden av batteriet kommer den största tillÄtna storlekenatt vara 127 kWh. Den optimala placeringen av systemet Àrvid transformatorstation 4 eftersom det Àr dÀr som större delenav överproduktionen uppstÄr. Det Àr Àven till den som störredelen av lasten Àr kopplad vilket garanterar att hela batterietsladdning kan anvÀndas varje dag. Batteristorleken om 90 kWhsom föreslÄs i E4T MicroGrid-projektet Àr en bra storlek medtanke pÄ Äterbetalningsperioden

    Energy Storage System for Local Generation in a Grid-connected Microgrid : Sizing and analyzing an energy storage system for the Tezpur University campus

    No full text
    Reducing the emissions is an important step in orderto reduce the global warming. At Tezpur University in the Assamregion in Northeast India a project is being performed which willtry to reduce the use of diesel for back-up generation and partlyreplace this with other sources of energy. In 2018 a 1 MW PVplantwas installed as a part of this goal. However, since theconsumption and the PV-production are not synchronized someof the energy goes to waste.This thesis will consider how an energy storage system (ESS)can help to increase the usage of the power produced by thePV-plant. It will also assess the best type and size of the system.In addition to this, a simple economical analysis was performedto determine the profitability of the project.First, data regarding the system at Tezpur University wasgathered. The data of interest was the production of the PVpanels as well as the consumption. This data was then processedso that the consumption and production could be observedfor each hour a typical day. By comparing these two theoverproduction which goes to waste could be estimated. Byevaluating how much energy produced from diesel which couldbe replaced by the ESS an assessment of the savings per yearcould be made. From this the payback period was calculated forthe different size ESS.The results show that a battery energy storage system (BESS)using lithium-ion batteries is the preferred solution in this case.Assuming that 50 % of the life expectancy of a battery is areasonable payback period the maximum size of the battery is127 kWh. The optimal placement of the BESS is at substation 4as the overproduction is the greatest in this area and as there isalso a large load the stored energy would be used fully each day.A battery size of 90 kWh was suggested by the E4T MicroGridproject and considering the payback period this is a reasonablesize for the BESS.Att minska utslÀppen Àr ett viktigt steg iatt minska den globala uppvÀrmningen. Vid Tezpur Universiteti Assam i nordöstra Indien genomförs nu ett projekt somskall minska anvÀndningen av diesel vid avbrott genom attdelvis ersÀtta dessa generatorer med andra energikÀllor. 2018installerades ett solkraftverk om 1 MW som en del i detta mÄl.Eftersom konsumtionen och produktionen frÄn solkraftverketinte Àr helt synkroniserade Àr det delar av den produceradeelektriciteten som skickas tillbaka ut i nÀtet och dÀrmed gÄrförlorad.Det hÀr projektet har undersökt hur ett energilagringssystemkan anvÀndas för att öka anvÀndningen av energin produceradav solkraftverket. En annan del som undersökts Àr vilken typav system och vilken storlek det bör ha. Efter detta görs enenkel ekonomisk analys för att utreda hur ekonomiskt gynnsamtprojektet Àr.Det första som gjordes var att samla data om microsystemetpÄ Tezpur Universitet. Den data som samlades var om produktionenfrÄn solkraftverket och elkonsumtionen i de olika delarnaav universitetet. Genom olika metoder kunde man undersökahur konsumtionen och produktionen var per timme en typiskdag. DÄ man jÀmförde dessa kunde överproduktionen per dagestimeras. Besparingarna som görs berÀknades genom att bytaut en del av dieselanvÀndningen med kostnaden av att laddaenergilagringssystemet. Detta gav tillrÀckligt med information föratt uppskatta Äterbetalningsperioden.Den bÀsta lösningen i det hÀr fallet Àr att installera ettbatterilagringssystem bestÄende av litiumjonbatterier. Under antagandetatt Äterbetalningsperioden maximalt fÄr var 50 % avlivslÀngden av batteriet kommer den största tillÄtna storlekenatt vara 127 kWh. Den optimala placeringen av systemet Àrvid transformatorstation 4 eftersom det Àr dÀr som större delenav överproduktionen uppstÄr. Det Àr Àven till den som störredelen av lasten Àr kopplad vilket garanterar att hela batterietsladdning kan anvÀndas varje dag. Batteristorleken om 90 kWhsom föreslÄs i E4T MicroGrid-projektet Àr en bra storlek medtanke pÄ Äterbetalningsperioden

    Error Analysis for Disconnectors of Type ASEA NUB 420/2000 and ASEA NUB B 245/4000

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    An important part in developing the power gridis maintaining the older parts of the system. This reportexamines the reliability of disconnectors ASEA NUB/NUB-Bin the electrical power grid in order for maintenance to beoptimised. Different mathematical models were used to analyseerror statistics of the disconnectors. This is used to obtain animage of the disconnectors life cycle. The report concludes thatASEA NUB 420/2000 have a life expectancy of 20 years and NUBB245/4000 are expected to last for 30 years. It also concludes thatthe amount of data used in this project is insufficient and does notgive a correct representation of the lifespan of the disconnectors
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