A re-appraisal of the doctrine of God deprived from the new testament

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Online learning designs in the training sector

This paper describes current activities within the vocational education training (VET) sector in Australia where traditional views of teaching and learning for training are being challenged. The paper showcases innovative and leading edge applications of technology in the National Flexible Toolbox Project and draws on the history of this project to demonstrate current thinking within the Australian VET sector in relation to student learning. The paper examines the learning designs and resources that have been developed across the past five years in the National Flexible Toolbox Project and uses the outcomes to argue and demonstrate its findings

A LOOK AT GLIDING AND UNDERWATER KICKING IN THE SWIM TURN

A series of studies were conducted to examine hydrodynamic drag throughout the gliding and stroke preparation phases of the freestyle tumble turn. The first study examined the effects of velocity and depth on the passive drag forces and demonstrated that significant drag reduction benefits were found with the swimmers performing glides underwater when compared to gliding at the water surface. The second study sought to establish the appropriate velocity for initiating underwater kicking, as well as the most efficient gliding position and kicking technique. The results indicate that swimmers should initiate underwater kicking at between 1.9 and 2.2 ms-1. No significant differences were found between two streamline glide positions, and similarly, between three underwater kicking styles. The results of these studies present strategies for reducing the drag forces experienced by swimmers throughout the freestyle turn

Jumping Abilities and Swimming Grab-Start Performances in Elite and Recreational Swimmers

This study examined the relationships between the performances of a swimming grab start and each of countermovement jump for distance, countermovement jump for height, squat jump for distance and squat jump for height. Nine elite and 7 recreational female swimmers performed 6 trials in each of the 4 jumping techniques, and six 25-m freestyle sprints following a grab start. Elite subjects performed significantly better in the start performances, and this was attributed to the greater horizontal impulse. Correlations in the elite group revealed that grab-start performance was not related to performances of any jumps. This suggests that the grab start is independent of the jumping techniques for this group, and performance of one skill may not translate to performance in the other. Significant correlations were found between performances of the grab start and the f4 jumps in the recreational group, possibly because of adoption of an “incorrect” motor pattern that may be similar to those of the jumps. This study highlighted the importance of practicing the start as a whole skill during training

Progress in Precursor Skills and Front Crawl Swimming in Children With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder

This study investigated swimming performance and the influence of task complexity among children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Two groups of children were matched by age - 11 controls without DCD and 11 children with DCD. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that children with DCD performed significantly lower level than age-matched controls for all the water competency tasks and front crawl. Both groups improved significantly in water competency and front crawl over 10 lessons. Significant interactions suggested that children with DCD showed different rates of change during the acquisition of the glide and front crawl. Both groups regressed with increased task complexity. Awareness of motor learning difficulties experienced by children enables teachers, parents, and children to have realistic expectations. A supportive environments for children with DCD will enable them to achieve the important swimming skill competencies and reduce drop-out rates in learn-to-swim programs

MUSCULAR PRE-TENSION AND JUMPING: IMPLICATIONS FOR DIVE STARTS

Isometric pre-tension has been shown to increase average torque in the leg extension movement. The effect of different levels of isometric pre-tension (PT) on vertical jumps has not been investigated. Twenty male University students completed a jumping task usirlg PT levels of 0, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% of a maximal voluntary contraction. The results were compared with those of a jump with a counter movement (CMJ). The CMJ had a significantly lower peak force than all other jumps. The rate of force development decreased with increased levels of PT. CMJ height was significantly larger than all PT jumps, with no difference in jump height between the PT levels. There was no change in reaction time with PT but time from a starting signal to take off was significantly less. This has implications in decreasing swimming dive start times

Learning designs and learning objects: Where pedagogy meets technology

This paper discusses an Australian project where online learning materials with problem-based learning designs are being developed in a form which facilitates their inclusion in digital repositories and learning management systems. To that end the products are being developed as properly formed SCORM compliant IMS content packages. This paper discusses issues associated with the design of online resources characterised by quality learning designs and their subsequent redevelopment as IMS content packages

The Relationship Between Stride Rates, Lengths and Body Size and their Affect on Elite Triathletes’ Running Performance During Competition

Previous research has suggested that a degree of predictability exists in the relationship between self-selected running stride rates (SR) and stride lengths (SL) with measures of body size such as mass, height and limb lengths. Significant correlations have also been revealed between these body size measures and performance and between SL and performance. However, there is also evidence to suggest that triathlon performance may be related to maintaining a longer SL during the final run. Hence, the aim of this investigation was to examine whether there was any relationship between SR and SL, with body masses and heights of senior elite triathletes during the run stage of a triathlon. The SRs and SLs of 37 male senior elite Triathlon World Championships competitors were analysed via videography and Video Expert II Coach. These values were correlated with the athletes’ body masses and heights (p\u3c0.01). The results indicated a limited relationship between height and mass with SR in the early stages of the run. However, a significant, positive correlation existed between SL and height at all points from 3 km to the end of the run. Those triathletes who were taller used longer strides. Further research is warranted to examine the effects of cycling on the subsequent run discipline during triathlon and if body size and shape of triathletes have evolved as the young sport of triathlon develops

A COMPARISON OF UNDERWATER GLIDING AND KICKING TECHNIQUES

Net forces created when towing swimmers through water were examined for gliding and undelwater kicking. Sixteen experienced male swimmers of similar body shape were towed through water via a motorised winch and pulley system. A load cell measured net force (propulsive force - drag force) at velocities of 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, 2.5 and 3.1 ms-', respectively. At each velocity swimmers performed a prone streamline glide; lateral streamline glide; prone freestyle kick; prone dolphin kick; and lateral dolphin kick. A 2- way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between the gliding and kicking conditions at different velocities. Results suggest that there is an optimal velocity at which to begin undelwater kicking in order to prevent energy loss from excessive active drag

Effects of Teaching Methods on Swimming Skill Acquisition in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

This study compared the delivery of “verbal and visual” with “verbal, visual and tactile” swimming instruction to small groups of DCD pupils for front crawl and backstroke performance across 10 lessons x 30 minutes/week. The interaction and main effects for group and time on front crawl performances were not significant, indicating no differences were found between the two teaching methods. Also, the front crawl performances of the DCD swimmers did not change over the intervention period. The interaction and main effect for group on backstroke performances over the 10 weekly lessons were not significant. However, a significant main effect of time was found with backstroke changes found between Weeks 1 and 10 and Weeks 6 and 10. Sub-component analyses for horizontal body position, head position and breathing, and use of the lower limbs, revealed significant time effect improvements, but only between Weeks 1 and 10. Hence, both DCD groups improved their backstroke performances at the same rate across the 10 week intervention, despite being exposed to different instructional method