La ciencia de la decisión

People and activities, they carry out in daily life are subject to constant decision-making, the consequences of which are largely uncertain. This decision-making involves a rational process that is based on the quantity and quality of the information, the processing capacity and the use of the rationality of people, which allows facing scenarios in the short, medium and long term. In the current context, the difficulties in the development of this process are greater, due to the abundance of data, the doubt of its veracity and the speed of exchange, so that scenarios of chaos and uncertainty are generated. Under this dynamic, forecasting and prediction can be less effective, offer less certainty about the result and, at the same time, produce biases in the information. These predictive problems are observable, for example, in the estimation of economic growth, human behavior, stock markets, natural phenomena, conflicts, migration, the spread of diseases, geopolitics, negotiations, among others. These difficulties are caused, in large part, by the techniques or tools used for data processing and by the processing capacity of the information systems, which have limitations for the combination of different types of information. In this sense, the scientific community has endeavored to propose new methods and develop better techniques that allow capturing and processing the greatest amount of useful information in the decision-making process. This is known as decision science; a broad and transversal term to a large number of areas and fields of study, ranging from the human and social sciences to the pure sciences. Thus, this paper will focus on those areas that are dedicated to proposing methods and techniques that allow improvements and applications to be made in the aggregation and treatment of data for decision-making.Las personas y las actividades que desarrollan en la cotidianidad están sujetas a una toma de decisiones constante, cuyas consecuencias, en gran parte, son inciertas. Esta toma de decisiones conlleva un proceso racional que se sustenta en la cantidad y calidad de la información, la capacidad de procesamiento y el uso de la racionalidad de las personas, lo cual permite afrontar escenarios a corto, mediano y largo plazo. En el contexto actual, las dificultades en el desarrollo de este proceso son mayores, debido a la abundancia de datos, la duda de su veracidad y la velocidad de intercambio, por lo que se generan escenarios de caos e incertidumbre. Bajo esta dinámica, la elaboración de pronósticos y predicciones puede ser menos efectiva, ofrecer menos seguridad sobre el resultado y, a la vez, producir sesgos en la información. Estos problemas predictivos son observables, por ejemplo, en la estimación del crecimiento económico, el comportamiento humano, los mercados bursátiles, los fenómenos naturales, los conflictos, la migración, la propagación de enfermedades, la geopolítica, las negociaciones, entre otros. Estas dificultades se dan, en gran parte, por las técnicas o herramientas usadas para el tratamiento de los datos y por la capacidad de procesamiento que tienen los sistemas de información, los cuales tienen limitaciones para la combinación de diferentes tipos de información. En ese sentido, la comunidad científica se ha esforzado por proponer nuevos métodos y desarrollar mejores técnicas que permitan capturar y procesar la mayor cantidad de información útil en el proceso de toma de decisiones. Esto se conoce como ciencia de la decisión; un término amplio y transversal a gran cantidad de áreas y campos de estudio, que va desde las ciencias humanas y sociales hasta las ciencias puras. Así, este escrito se enfocará en aquellas áreas que se dedican a la proposición de métodos y técnicas que permiten hacer mejoras y aplicaciones en la agregación y tratamiento de los datos para la toma de decisiones

Towards a competitiveness in the economic activity in Colombia: Using Moore's families and Galois lattices in clustering

This paper is aimed to find affinities between each Colombian region through economic activities analysis focusing on crucial role of location to be further competitiveness. The mathematical models of Moore families' and Galois lattices are used to identify a kind of industry in a region and its economic activity affinities. The results obtained from the calculation, we are shown 6 lattices formed with a great deal of affinity groupings within each of them. These groups have allowed us analysing economic activity-region by each region and identifying what kind of industry is developed within them. Finally, it is highlighted that these mathematical models give a prospective view of regional and national economic activity from general level to specific level, which can be used as tool for analyzing environments, policymaking and encouraging business development. Likewise, these models can offer a new manner to analyse socio-economic changes with a great deal with uncertainty

Gestión de Marca: modelos para construir marcas de éxito

En el escenario de emprendimiento que nos ocupa, surgen diariamente miles de productos tan similares que se vuelve imprescindible que las empresas que aspiran al éxito busquen distinguirse de la competencia, exponer sus diferencias y otorgar valor a la marca para su público. En este contexto empresarial, la comunicación es la clave y ese proceso de valoración es el Branding.Departamento de Historia Moderna, Contemporánea y de América, Periodismo y Comunicación Audiovisual y PublicidadGrado en Publicidad y Relaciones Pública

Intención empresarial: un enfoque bibliométrico

[EN] This paper aims to present a bibliometric analysis of the literature on an entrepreneurial intention that considers different topics to enhance starting a business. Using the Core collection of the Web of Science, 1,549 papers are found from 1900 to December 2020 to be analyzed. The analysis is focused on documents, authors, journals, countries, and keywords to detect areas and trends in this field of study. Likewise, bibliographic couplings, co-citation, and co-occurrences are analyzed. Findings show that the field has started to grow since 2010; the most influential authors and universities are in Spain and Taiwan, such as the case of Liñan, Liang, Ip, and Moriano.[ES] El objetivo principal de este trabajo es presentar un análisis bibliométrico de la literatura sobre la intención emprendedora que considere diferentes temas relacionados con la mejora de la puesta en marcha de negocios. Utilizando la colección Core de la Web of Science se encuentran un total de 1.549 artículos desde 1900 hasta diciembre de 2020 para ser analizados. El análisis se centra en documentos, autores, revistas, países y palabras clave para detectar áreas y tendencias en este campo de estudio. Asimismo, se analizan los acoplamientos bibliográficos, la co-citación y las co-ocurrencias. Los resultados muestran que el campo comienza a crecer desde 2010, que los autores y universidades más importantes están en España y Taiwán, tal es el caso de Linan, Liang, Ip y Moriano.This research was funded by Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia, grant number SGI 3134, and the Chilean Government through FONDECYT initiation, grant number 11190056. Research supported by Red Sistemas Inteligentes y Expertos Modelos Computacionales Iberoamericanos (SIEMCI), project number 522RT0130 in Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (CYTED

Fuzzy decision making: A bibliometric-based review

Fuzzy decision-making consists in making decisions under complex and uncertain environments where the information can be assessed with fuzzy sets and systems. The aim of this study is to review the main contributions in this field by using a bibliometric approach. For doing so, the article uses a wide range of bibliometric indicators including the citations and the h-index. Moreover, it also uses the VOS viewer software in order to map the main trends in this area. The work considers the leading journals, articles, authors and institutions. The results indicate that the USA was the traditional leader in this field with the most significant researcher. However, during the last years, this field is receiving more attention by Asian authors that are starting to lead the field. This discipline has a strong potential and the expectations for the future is that it will continue to grow

Subjective stakeholder dynamics relationships treatment: a methodological approach using fuzzy decision-making

Since the stakeholder theory was proposed to explain the interaction among its agents, extensive approaches have been developed. However, the literature continues to suggest the development of new methodologies that allow an analysis of the dynamics and uncertainty of the relationships between each agent. In this sense, this research proposes a novel methodology for the treatment of subjective stakeholder dynamics using fuzzy decision-making. The study proposes a mathematical methodological perspective for the treatment of subjective relationships among stakeholders, which allows a predictive simulation tool to be developed for attitude and personal preferences to analyze the links among all stakeholders. (...

HACIA UNA MIRADA INTEGRAL DE LA INNOVACIÓN LIGERA: ANÁLISIS CONCEPTUAL DE LAS INNOVACIONES NO INTENSIVAS

El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer el concepto de innovación ligera el cual tenga un alcance más integral y holístico sobre las innovaciones no intensivas. Se hace una revisión conceptual sobre la innovación frugal, innovación inversa e innovación blanda como innovaciones no intensiva. El resultado de la revisión conceptual es la definición de la innovación ligera y proponer su enfoque sistémico. Esta nueva aproximación introduce una definición con una visión más holística e integral sobre las innovaciones no intensivas. Así mismo, el enfoque nos permite determinar las dinámicas e influencias de la generación de las innovaciones ligeras en diversos niveles y factores determinantes para su desarrollo. Finalmente, la definición y el enfoque sistémico permiten identificar cuáles son los factores claves en el proceso de innovaciones ligeras y puede ser utilizado como herramienta de ayuda para medir estos tipos de innovación a nivel empresarial y académico

International entrepreneurship: a critical review of the research field

This study provides a comprehensive review of the International Entrepreneurship (IE) literature and analyses its evolution in relation to the criticisms made by previous reviews. For this purpose, 272 articles published in 20 journals indexed in the Journal Citation Report for the 1989-2015 period were analysed in depth. The results reveal that researchers have increasingly worked to address these criticisms. Nevertheless, these efforts have not been sufficient since theoretical difficulties that prevent a better understanding of the IE field continue. (...

Long wavelength stacking induced shift of the near-infrared photoluminescence from unintentional MOVPE grown InGaSb/GaSb quantum wells

The effect of stacking on the near-infrared photoluminescence (NIR-PL) of InGaSb/GaSb quantum wells (QWs) which were inadvertently formed during an attempt to fabricate stacked InSb/GaSb quantum dots (QDs) using atmospheric pressure Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) are investigated in this work. The morphology of uncapped dots was studied by means of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) which shows a significant deviation in the shape and density of dots grown directly on the buffer compared to those that terminated an "embedded-dot" sample. Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the capped structures clearly revealed the formation of QWs in the capped structures. An increase in the number of InSb QD-layers, which metamorphosed into QWs, was observed to cause an increase in the luminescence spectral line width and a long-wavelength shift of the QW PL lines, together with an enhancement in the strength of PL emission. Variations in layer thicknesses and alloy composition introduced as a result of inter-diffusion of Ga and In which is enhanced by the prolonged annealing time of the QDs (during spacer/cap layer deposition) and In adatom migration is suggested to alter the morphology of the capped dots and induce a change in PL peak positions and the spectral linewidth of the NIR low energy lines. (C) 2018 Author(s).This work is based upon research supported by the South Africa Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa. This work has also been partially supported by Spanish Government (MINECO through projects with references TEC2014-54260-C3-2-P). The financial support from Nelson Mandela University and African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) are also gratefully acknowledged