The design of transportation networks: a multi objective model combining equity, efficiency and efficacy

A network design problem consists in locating facilities (nodes and arcs) that enable the transfer of flows (passengers and/or goods) from given origin-destination pairs. The topic can have several applications within transportation and logistics contexts. In this work we propose a multi-objective model in which balancing or equity aspects, i.e. measures of the distribution of distances of users from the path, are considered. These kinds of models can be used when there is the need to balance risks or benefits among all the potential users deriving from the location of the path to be designed. The application of the proposed model to a benchmark problem used in the literature to test these kinds of models, shows that it is able to find solutions characterized by significant level of equity but also of efficiency and efficacy

Syriac into Middle Iranian: A Translation Studies Approach to Sogdian and Pahlavi Manuscripts within the Church of the East

Based on a corpus coming from the Turfan oasis (in present-day Xinjiang, People's Republic of China) and consisting of Christian Middle Iranian literature in several languages (Middle Persian, Syriac and Sogdian) and scripts (East Syriac, Pahlavi and secular Sogdian), the present paper is aimed at identifying and outlining the translation techniques for the transmission of religious knowledge, based on a literary tradition as well as on a manuscript tradition, from one context to another. The religious knowledge is that which belongs to the "Church of the East" and which is written in its official liturgical language, i.e. Syriac in East Syriac script. The general context is that of the missionary activities of the "Church of the East" along the Silk road between late Antiquity and early Middle Age. The particular context is that of the converted Iranian communities

On the density of the hyperspace of a metric space

summary:We calculate the density of the hyperspace of a metric space, endowed with the Hausdorff or the locally finite topology. To this end, we introduce suitable generalizations of the notions of totally bounded and compact metric space

How the interpretation of drivers' behavior in virtual environment can become a road design tool: a case study

Driving is the result of a psychological process that translates data, signals and direct/indirect messages into behavior, which is continuously adapted to the exchange of varying stimuli between man, environment and vehicle. These stimuli are at times not perceived and at others perceived but not understood by the driver, even if they derive from tools (vertical signs, horizontal marking) specifically conceived for his safety. The result is unsafe behavior of vehicle drivers. For this reason, the road environment needs to be radically redesigned. The paper describes a research, based on real and virtual environment surveys, aimed to better understand drivers' action-reaction mechanisms inside different scenarios, in order to gain informations useful for a correct organization (design) of the road space. The driving simulator can help in developing, from road to laboratory, the study of new road design tools (geometrical, compositional, constructive ones, street furniture, etc.), because it can be used to evaluate solutions before their usefulness is proved on the road

Balancing the arrival times of users in a two-stage location problem

There has been a number of facility location problems dealing with the introduction of the equity issue in the travel distances distribution. In this paper we analyze a new aspect of equity concerning the distribution of the arrival times of customers. Given a depot and a set of demand points generating flow which also represent potential locations, we consider a discrete two-stage location problem whose aim is to locate a given number of facilities and to allocate the demand points to a facility. We assume as objective the maximization of the minimum difference between two consecutive arrival times of flows to the depot through the patronized facility. This particular equity measure is introduced in order to reduce risks of congestion in the dynamic of flow arrivals at the common destination. The problem is described through two Integer Programming formulations. Computational results for solution methods based on both formulations are then shown and analyzed

A forest typology for monitoring sustainable forest management: The case of European Forest Types

Sustainable forest management (SFM) is presently widely accepted as the overriding objective for forest policy and practice. Regional processes are in progress all over the world to develop and implement criteria and indicators of SFM. In continental Europe, a set of 35 Pan-European indicators has been endorsed under the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) to measure progress towards SFM in the 44 countries of the region. The formulation of seven indicators (forest area, growing stock, age structure/diameter distribution, deadwood, tree species composition, damaging agents, naturalness) requires national data to be reported by forest types. Within the vast European forest area the values taken by these indicators show a considerable range of variation, due to variable natural conditions and anthropogenic influences. Given this variability, it is very difficult to grasp the meaning of these indicators when taken out of their ecological background. The paper discusses the concepts behind, and the requirements of, a classification more soundly ecologically framed and suitable for MCPFE reporting than the three (un-informative) classes adopted so far: broadleaved forest, coniferous forest, mixed broadleaved and coniferous forest. We propose a European Forest Types scheme structured into a reasonably higher number of classes, that would improve the specificity of the indicators reported under the MCPFE process and its understanding.L'articolo è disponibile sul sito dell'editore www.tandf.co.uk/journals