Habitability, and Evolution of Microorganisms under Extreme Conditions

The choice of a solvent determines the possible biochemistry of life. Life on Earth is based on carbon biochemistry and has evolved in an environment with water as a solvent. As a polar solvent abundant on Earth, water has unique physical properties, including a large range of liquidity and low viscosity, making it a very good solvent for terrestrial life. Liquids other than water are abundant in the universe, and the chemical nature of these liquids might lead to different chemistries of life. In the first chapter, we review the main characteristics of a good solvent, and then we use this knowledge to examine the similarities and differences between water and cryogenic liquid hydrocarbon, methane, and ethane, as potential solvents for life. We argue that at cryogenic temperatures, mobility, and the reaction rate slow down. We discuss that Titan might not be habitable for terrestrial life but having a rich atmosphere and surface lakes of methane and ethane, it might be a habitat for exotic living systems. We then review multiple investigations on two proposed alternative chemistries for life on Titan, Azotosomes, and Silanes, as terrestrial cell membranes cannot form in cryogenic organic solvents. We conclude that there is a need for directing future investigations to planetary bodies that support solvents other than water. As we discuss in the first chapter, life on Earth has evolved around liquid water. Therefore, the presence of liquid water on a planetary body might make it a potential habitat for life. Jupiter’s moon, Europa, is one of the best candidates in the solar system due to the presence of a global saline ocean beneath its icy surface. In the second chapter, we argue that although the extreme conditions of Europa’s ocean (high pressure, low temperature, and high salinity) are not optimal for terrestrial life, microorganisms such as bacteria have shown extraordinary abilities to survive and occupy extreme habitats. Cells constantly adapt themselves to changes in the internal and external environments. Studying the adaptive evolution of bacteria and investigating the signatures of the adaptation under specified simulated conditions in the laboratory can provide a better understanding of the habitability of extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. We then review a research study done by Yazdani et al. (2019) at the University of Arkansas with an objective to investigate the growth, gene expression, and general strategies used by a mesophilic bacterium, Escherichia coli, to survive and adapt to high concentrations of magnesium sulfate, the proposed dominant salt in Europa’s ocean. We argue that although adaptation to a new environment might take a long time, the adaptive evolution experiments were feasible in laboratory time scales. We also discuss that the bacteria from the laboratory adaptive evolution experiments (called the “adapted sample”) were capable of growing in high concentrations (20% (w/v)) of magnesium sulfate, in which the control population of cells could not grow. We then discuss that a strategy used by bacteria to overcome the osmotic stress was to balance the intake of sulfate and magnesium and prevent water loss based on the study of the regulation of gene expression of adapted and control samples

TINJAUAN YURIDIS DALAM PENGEMBALIAN KERUGIAN NEGARA DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI JURIDICAL REVIEW IN STATE RETURN OF LOSSES IN CRIMINAL ACTS OF CORRUPTION

Korupsi merupakan suatu perbuatan atau perilaku yang menyimpang dengan tugas dan kewajiban untuk mendapat keuntungan yang bertentangan dengan kebenaran sesuai dengan hukum. Korupsi dapat kita katakan sebagai suatu perbuatan yang tercela dan merugikan masyarakat maupun negara. Mekanisme pengembalian kerugian negara dalam kasus tindak pidana korupsi dapat dilakukan dengan jalur pidana, perdata dan administratif. Pengembalian Kerugian negara melalui jalur pidana dengan prosedur (1) Penelusuran harta kekayaan, (2) Penyitaan asset/harta kekayaan, (3) Penuntutan uang pengganti, dan (4) eksekusi dalam putusan hakim. Pengembalian kerugian Negara melalui jalur perdata dapat dilakukan apabila tersangka kasus pidana korupsi meninggal dunia dan dilakukan penuntutan terhadap ahli waris melalui jalur perdata. Pengembalian kerugian negara melalui jalur administrated dilakukan kepada pegawai negeri sipil dengan ketentuan-ketentuan tertentu dan mekanisme tertentu. Banyak kendala yang menghambat proses pengembalian kerugian negara diantaranya (1) sanksi tuntutan uang pengganti yang dapat digantikan dengan pidana penjara, (2) ketimpangan yang berkaitan dengan undang-undang dalam pemberantasan korupsi. &nbsp

Manfaat Pengembangan Objek Wisata Pantai Air Manis terhadap Masyarakat

The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of the archipelago module course on social interaction in the independent student exchange activity program. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The subjects of this study were all students in the independent student exchange program at the University of Mataram. Collecting data using observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the study show that the implementation of the archipelago module has a positive impact on social interaction, namely increasing understanding and appreciation of Indonesia's cultural diversity. Improve communication skills, open job opportunities and increase self-confidence. Obstacles faced during implementation include; lack of qualified teaching staff, limited facilities and infrastructure, difficulties in accessing resources, differences in student backgrounds, lack of support and attention from the campus. The conclusion of this study is that the implementation of the Merdeka Student Exchange Program has a positive impact on social interaction between students, as well as increasing understanding and appreciation of Indonesia's cultural diversity. Meanwhile, in overcoming the obstacles encountered during the implementation of the Nusantara Module course, cooperation is needed between all parties involved in this program, be it the campus, teaching staff, or students.   Keywords: Air Manis Beach, Community, Tourism Object Development, &nbsp

On the Polynomial Asymptotics of Subharmonic Functions of Finite Order and their Mass Distributions

We obtain the results analogous of those of [5] on the polynomial asymptotics with arbitrary 0 < ρn < ... < ρ1 < ρ, defning multipolynomial terms

Principal Component Regression Modelling with Variational Bayesian Approach to Overcome Multicollinearity at Various Levels of Missing Data Proportion

This study aims to model Principal Component Regression (PCR) using Variational Bayesian Principal Component Analysis (VBPCA) with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) as a method of estimating regression parameters to overcome multicollinearity at various levels of the proportion of missing data. The data used in this study are secondary data and simulation data contaminated with collinearity in the predictor variables with various missing data proportions of 1%, 5%, and 10%. The secondary data used is the Human Depth Index in Java in 2021, complete data without missing values. The results indicate that the multicollinearity in secondary and original data can be optimally overcome as indicated by the smaller standard error value of the regression parameter for the PCR using VBPCA method which is smaller and has a relative efficiency value of less than 1. VBPCA can handle the proportion of missing data to less than 10%. The proportion of missing data causes information from the original variable to decrease, as evidenced by immense MAPE value and the parameter estimation bias that gets bigger. Then the cross validation (Q^2 ) value and the coefficient of determination (adjusted R^2 ) are get smaller as the proportion of missing data increases.

ANALISIS EFISIENSI PHOTOVOLTAIC DITINJAU DARI VARIASI BAYANGAN PADA PANEL SURYA

The solar panel as know as (photovoltaic) is a semiconductor that can convert solar energy directly into electrical energy DC (direct current) using crystalline Si (silicon) thin. Basically, the solar radiation that reaches the surface of the solar panel is influenced by the atmospheric influences such as dust, water vapor, and by other gases such as cast shadows (shaded). Solar radiation is greatest when solar panel exposed to the shadow of A4 paper on the experiment 1 that is equal to 1520 W / m2. Power variation obtained is affected by the amount of solar radiation that reaches the solar panel. The input power is greatest when solar panel exposed to the shadow of A4 paper on the experiment 1 that is equal to 172.368 W. efficiency of the solar panel is determined by the intensity of the light received by the solar panels and the cross-sectional area and the semiconductor materials that compose, generally composed of solar panels by semiconductor pn junction. , Efficiency is greatest when solar panel exposed to the shadow of A4 paper on the experiment 1 that is equal to 43.94%, it can be said solar panel is in good condition. To obtain good efficiency solar panels there are some things that need to be done that is by way of routine care for the solar panel to check all the conditions of the solar panel, supporting tools and the condition of the surface of the solar panel

From quantum transport in semiconducting nanowires to hybrid semiconducting-superconducting qubits

A practical quantum computer demands a physical quantum bit (qubit) that is scalable, has a well-defined initial state, and brings together coherence with reliable control and read-out. A compelling idea is to put together a locally protected Majorana qubit with a superconducting qubit. The superconducting qubit is used to read out the Majorana states while the Majorana qubit may act as a quantum memory. This thesis presents a series of studies on quantum transport in semiconducting nanowires coupled to superconductors to investigate various platforms for realizing Majorana. These studies are followed by microwave measurements on superconducting circuits compatible with semiconducting-superconducting heterostructures. We first evaluate the potential of Ge/Si core/shell nanowires by achieving induced superconductivity as well as estimating spin-orbit coupling. Next we explore the transport mediated by Andreev bound states formed in InSb nanowire quantum. A subgap negative differential conductance is investigated together with the coalescing Andreev resonances at zero bias relevant for the correct interpretation of Majorana experiments done on the same structures. We conclude our studies of semiconducting nanowires by exploring tunnel junctions in Sn-InSb nanowires that are prepared by in-situ shadowing using nearby nanowires and flakes. Tin shells are found to induce a hard superconducting gap persisting up to high magnetic fields. We observe the two-electron charging effect from a small superconducting island of Sn-InSb. This effect is attributed to charge parity stability, which makes this nanowire system an intriguing candidate for superconducting and topological quantum circuits. These Sn-InSb junctions are then used as the nonlinear element in a transmon qubit design where we observe a dispersive coupling between this nanowire Josephson junction and a superconducting resonator. We also present our progress towards building a magnetic field resilient superconducting circuit that allows integration with semiconducting and topological structures. In the last chapter, InSb semiconducting nanowires are utilized as shadow masks prior to superconductor deposition on an InAs quantum well. We study Josephson current properties in Josephson junctions made from these nanowire shadows. Our results point to highly transparent junctions that can be developed further for hybrid superconductor-semiconductor qubit systems