Great Accountability Should Accompany Great Power: The ECJ and the U.N. Security Council in \u3cem\u3eKadi I & II\u3c/em\u3e

Over a decade ago, the United Nations (UN) Security Council added Yassin Abdullah Kadi’s name to a list of hundreds of individuals suspected of associating with Al-Qaida and the Taliban. The Security Council directed UN Member States to freeze the listed individuals’ assets and to limit their travel. The Council of the European Union (EC) subsequently passed regulations giving direct effect to the UN sanctions regime. In 2008, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) annulled one such implementing regulation, but assigned responsibility for remedying considerable due process defects inherent in the regime to Community institutions rather than the UN Security Council. Leaving this task to the European Union (EU) presents a logistical impossibility. Instead, the Security Council should create a court to review its own listing decisions and ensure fair procedure. The ECJ should allocate responsibility to the Security Council, while preserving the EU legal order’s autonomy. In Kadi II, Mr. Kadi’s current appeal, the ECJ has the opportunity to indicate that it would accept the authority of a court dedicated to hearing challenges to listing decisions, provided it satisfies the European Court of Human Rights’ definition of an independent and impartial tribunal under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights

Effects of an Intravenous Lipid Challenge and Free Fatty Acid Elevation on In Vivo Insulin Sensitivity in African American Versus Caucasian Adolescents

OBJECTIVE—African American youth have lower insulin sensitivity than their Caucasian peers, but the metabolic pathways responsible for this difference remain unknown. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with insulin resistance through the Randle cycle. The present investigation determined whether elevating FFA is more deleterious to insulin sensitivity in African American than in Caucasian adolescents

Concerto for double-bass and orchestra

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityThe Concerto in E minor for Double-bass and Orchestra is the result of much experimentation by the composer. The double-bass is an instrument which does not easily lend itself to use in a solo idiom. In order to treat the instrument soloistically one must take it out of its most characteristic register and place it much higher than its orchestral handling would demand. An extreme orchestral written range for the doublebass would include notes extending from E up to c''; the solo in the present work uses a written range extending from E up to a''. In regard to form the first movement of the Concerto is in the usual sonata form as revised for concerto use. It opens with an introduction which consists partially of free passage work for the solo. The introduction, in addition to opening the movement, is also the chief source for most of the main thematic material which appears later in the movement. The single exposition is shared by both the solo and the orchestra with the principal theme introduced by the solo. After a brief transition to the subdominant key the subsidiary theme appears in the orchestra. The solo does not play the subsidiary theme in the exposition and the section is brought to a close by the orchestra. The development section consists mainly of interplay between the solo and the orchestra on motives from the principal theme. The recapitulation is similar to the exposition with one exception; the subsidiary theme, now in E major, is in the solo. The cadenza appears at the end of the recapitulation and the movement is brought to a close with a short orchestral coda. The second movement of the concerto is set in a rather unorthodox form. Its closest legitimate form would be a set of variations; in this case the variations are not upon a theme, but rather upon a mood and a harmony. The mood and harmonic structure are established at the start of the movement. In each of the subsequent eight sections the mood is varied and the harmonic structure altered, each time leading the solo into more remote orchestral and tonal regions. The most different mood occurs in the middle of the movement, from which point the level of the movement sinks once again to the sombre color of the beginning. The solo passages in this movement are both lyric and exhibitionistic; however, neither one predominates. The third and final movement is in a three part A-B-A form. The first part consists of a principal and a subsidiary theme, both of which are introduced by the solo. The middle section consists of a fugal texture, the subject of which is based upon the principal theme of the first part. This fugato presents the subject in three voices, and leads directly into the transition section, which in turn leads into the third part. In the second A section the principal theme is omitted and the solo plays the second theme. The third movement cadenza appears at the end of the third part, and upon its completion both the solo and the orchestra bring the movement to a close with a long coda. As compared to the solo work available to performers on other instruments, the double-bass literature of today is pitifully small, and certainly quite inadequate for the increasing number of competent performers. Due to the demanding nature of music written, today the standard of the orchestral double-bass player has become much higher. Many of these players are soloists in their own right. Their execution on the instrument has become just as polished and just as fine as that of other soloists and performers. Yet they do not share the same availability of good music that the others have. It is hoped that this concerto will do its share in enlarging the literature of this long neglected instrument

Black, Hispanic, and White Women's Knowledge of the Symptoms of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75146/1/0884217505278222.pd

An implementation of the El Gamal elliptic curve cryptosystem over a finite field of characteristic P

Since the earliest times, individuals and groups of individuals have been interested in communicating sensitive information in a manner which would guarantee that such information could not be arbitrarily received. Further, such information was to be received by select recipients and this required that a means of secure information transmission be found and employed. To these ends, methods of information encryption have ever since been sought and employed. The entire study and practice of this activity, cryptology, the science of message encryption and decryption, provides a framework for this thesis. In particular, the development of cryptology has been influenced by some specific areas of mathematics, employing abstract mathematical concepts and utilizing algebraic structures known as elliptic curves. It is with respect to these structures and their utilization in specific cryptosystems, called elliptic curve cryptosystems on which this thesis focuses. More specifically, this thesis is concerned with the implementation of such a cryptosystem and is a demonstration of that implementation. Additional pertinent examples, illustrations and supporting computer programs are included to present a self-contained work

Chronic unexplained orchialgia: a concept analysis

Aims To conduct an analysis of the concept of chronic unexplained orchialgia. Background Chronic unexplained orchialgia is a concept unique to men's health; however, clarity is lacking regarding the precise meaning of the key attributes of this important concept. Design Walker and Avant's framework was used to guide this concept analysis. Data sources Literature sources included bibliographic databases. Review methods Literature published in English from January 1970 to December 31, 2012 was reviewed. Thematic analysis identified critical attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concept. Results Based on the analysis, a contemporary definition for chronic unexplained orchialgia is proposed, rooted in the concept of chronic pain. This definition is based on the concept analysis and the defining attributes that were identified in the literature. Chronic unexplained orchialgia is a subjective negative experience of adult men, perceived as intermittent or continuous pain of variable intensity, present at least three months, localizing to the testis(es) in the absence of objective organic findings and that interferes with quality of life. Conclusion This analysis provides a precise definition for chronic unexplained orchialgia and distinguishes it from other similar terms. This concept analysis provides conceptual clarity that can guide understanding and development of a conceptual framework, middle range theory, or situation‐specific theory. Further exploration of this concept is recommended to uncover the influence of social, sexual and cultural factors.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108040/1/jan12340.pd

The Changing Face of Diabetes in Youth: Lessons Learned from Studies of Type 2 Diabetes

The incidence of youth type 2 diabetes (T2D), linked with obesity and declining physical activity in high-risk populations, is increasing. Recent multicenter studies have led to a number of advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of this disease. As in adult T2D, youth T2D is associated with insulin resistance, together with progressive deterioration in β cell function and relative insulin deficiency in the absence of diabetes-related immune markers. In contrast to adult T2D, the decline in β cell function in youth T2D is three- to fourfold faster, and therapeutic failure rates are significantly higher in youth than in adults. Whether the more aggressive nature of youth T2D is driven by genetic heterogeneity or physiology/metabolic maladaptation is yet unknown. Besides metformin, the lack of approved pharmacotherapeutic agents for youth T2D that target the pathophysiological mechanisms is a major barrier to optimal diabetes management. There is a significant need for effective therapeutic options, in addition to increased prevention, to halt the projected fourfold increase in youth T2D by 2050 and the consequences of heightened diabetes-related morbidity and mortality at younger ages

Caring for Survivors of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation

Approximately 54 million adults in the United States are involved in some form of family care-giving, with 15% of these individuals providing complex care in their homes. Therefore, it is essential to identify the nuances associated with complex community-based family care-giving. This study investigated family caregivers’ perceptions of caring for individuals who survived tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation. Using a quantitative approach, family caregivers (n = 15) reported that they were somewhat prepared for this experience. The findings suggested that family caregivers experience considerable physical and psychological effects throughout their care-giving careers. Despite physical and mental health challenges, the caregivers were able to derive personal gratification from complex care provision. The challenge before home care nurses is to prepare family members for their newly acquired care-giving roles, implement interventions that support their physical and mental well-being, and facilitate the engagement in health-promoting behaviors

Hyperinsulinemia in African-American Adolescents Compared With Their American White Peers Despite Similar Insulin Sensitivity: A reflection of upregulated β-cell function?

OBJECTIVE—African-American (AA) children are hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant compared with American white (AW) children. Previously, we demonstrated that insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity was ∼75% higher in AA compared with AW children, suggesting that hyperinsulinemia in AA children is not merely a compensatory response to lower insulin sensitivity. The aim of the present investigation was to assess whether glucose-stimulated insulin response is higher in AA versus AW adolescents who have comparable in vivo insulin sensitivity