Vocabulary Evolution on the Semantic Web: From Changes to Evolution of Vocabularies and its Impact on the Data

The main objective of the Semantic Web is to provide data on the web well-defined meaning. Vocabularies are used for modeling data in the web, provide a shared understanding of a domain and consist of a collection of types and properties. These types and properties are so-called terms. A vocabulary can import terms from other vocabularies, and data publishers use vocabulary terms for modeling data. Importing terms via vocabularies results in a Network of Linked vOcabularies (NeLO). Vocabularies are subject to change during their lifetime. When vocabularies change, the published data become a problem if they are not updated based on these changes. So far, there has been no study that analyzes vocabulary changes over time. Furthermore, it is unknown how data publishers reflect on such vocabulary changes. Ontology engineers and data publishers may not be aware of the changes in the vocabulary terms that have already happened since they occur rather rarely. This work addresses the problem of vocabulary changes and their impact on other vocabularies and the published data. We analyzed the changes of vocabularies and their reuse. We selected the most dominant vocabularies, based on their use by data publishers. Additionally, we analyzed the changes of 994 vocabularies. Furthermore, we analyzed various vocabularies to better understand by whom and how they are used in the modeled data, and how these changes are adopted in the Linked Open Data cloud. We computed the state of the NeLO from the available versions of vocabularies for over 17 years. We analyzed the static parameters of the NeLO such as its size, density, average degree, and the most important vocabularies at certain points in time. We further investigated how NeLO changes over time, specifically measuring the impact of a change in one vocabulary on others, how the reuse of terms changes, and the importance of vocabulary changes. Our results show that the vocabularies are highly static, and many of the changes occurred in annotation properties. Additionally, 16% of the existing terms are reused by other vocabularies, and some of the deprecated and deleted terms are still reused. Furthermore, most of the newly coined terms are adopted immediately. Our results show that even if the change frequency of terms is rather low, it can have a high impact on the data due to a large amount of data on the web. Moreover, due to a large number of vocabularies in the NeLO, and therefore the increase of available terms, the percentage of imported terms compared with the available ones has decreased over time. Additionally, based on the scores of the average number of exports for the vocabularies in the NeLO, some vocabularies have become more popular over time. Overall, understanding the evolution of vocabulary terms is important for ontology engineers and data publishers to avoid wrong assumptions about the data published on the web. Furthermore, it may foster a better understanding of the impact of the changes in vocabularies and how they are adopted to possibly learn from previous experience. Our results provide for the first time in-depth insights into the structure and evolution of the NeLO. Supported by proper tools exploiting the analysis of this thesis, it may help ontology engineers to identify data modeling shortcomings and assess the dependencies implied by the reusing of a specific vocabulary.Das Hauptziel des Semantic Web ist es, den Daten im Web eine klar definierte Bedeutung zu geben. Vokabulare werden zum Modellieren von Daten im Web verwendet. Vokabulare vermitteln ein gemeinsames Verständnis einer Domäne und bestehen aus einer Sammlung von Typen und Eigenschaften. Diese Typen und Eigenschaften sind sogenannte Begriffe. Ein Vokabular kann Begriffe aus anderen Vokabularen importieren, und Datenverleger verwenden die Begriffe der Vokabulare zum Modellieren von Daten. Durch das Importieren von Begriffen entsteht ein Netzwerk verknüpfter Vokabulare (NeLO). Vokabulare können sich im Laufe der Zeit ändern. Wenn sich Vokabulare ändern, kann dies zu Problemen mit bereits veröffentlichten Daten führen, falls diese nicht entsprechend angepasst werden. Bisher gibt es keine Studie, die die Veränderung der Vokabulare im Laufe der Zeit analysiert. Darüber hinaus ist nicht bekannt, inwiefern bereits veröffentlichte Daten an diese Veränderungen angepasst werden. Verantwortliche für Ontologien und Daten sind sich möglicherweise der Änderungen in den Vokabularen nicht bewusst, da solche Änderungen eher selten vorkommen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Problem der Änderung von Vokabularen und deren Auswirkung auf andere Vokabulare sowie die Daten. Wir analysieren die Änderung von Vokabularen und deren Wiederverwendung. Für unsere Analyse haben wir diejenigen Vokabulare ausgewählt, die am häufigsten verwendet werden. Zusätzlich analysieren wir die Änderungen von 994 Vokabularen aus dem Verzeichnis "Linked Open Vocabulary". Wir analysieren die Vokabulare, um zu verstehen, von wem und wie sie in den modellierten Daten verwendet werden und inwiefern Änderungen in die Linked Open Data Cloud übernommen werden. Wir beobachten den Status von NeLO aus den verfügbaren Versionen der Vokabulare über einen Zeitraum von 17 Jahren. Wir analysieren statische Parameter von NeLO wie Größe, Dichte, Durchschnittsgrad und die wichtigsten Vokabulare zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten. Wir untersuchen weiter, wie sich NeLO mit der Zeit ändert. Insbesondere messen wir die Auswirkung einer Änderung in einem Vokabular auf andere, wie sich die Wiederverwendung von Begriffen ändert und wie wichtig Änderungen im Vokabular sind. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Vokabulare sehr statisch sind und viele Änderungen an sogenannten Annotations-Properties vorgenommen wurden. Darüber hinaus werden 16% der vorhandenen Begriffen von anderen Vokabularen wiederverwendet, und einige der veralteten und gelöschten Begriffe werden weiterhin wiederverwendet. Darüber hinaus werden die meisten neu erstellten Begriffe unmittelbar verwendet. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass selbst wenn die Häufigkeit von Änderungen an Vokabularen eher gering ist, so kann dies aufgrund der großen Datenmenge im Web erhebliche Auswirkungen haben. Darüber hinaus hat sich aufgrund einer großen Anzahl von Vokabularen in NeLO und damit der Zunahme der verfügbaren Begriffe der Prozentsatz der importierten Begriffe im Vergleich zu den verfügbaren Begriffen im Laufe der Zeit verringert. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der durchschnittlichen Anzahl von Exporten für die Vokabulare in NeLO sind einige Vokabulare im Laufe der Zeit immer beliebter geworden. Insgesamt ist es für Verantwortliche für Ontologien und Daten wichtig, die Entwicklung der Vokabulare zu verstehen, um falsche Annahmen über die im Web veröffentlichten Daten zu vermeiden. Darüber hinaus ermöglichen unsere Ergebnisse ein besseres Verständnis der Auswirkungen von Änderungen in Vokabularen, sowie deren Nachnutzung, um möglicherweise aus früheren Erfahrungen zu lernen. Unsere Ergebnisse bieten erstmals detaillierte Einblicke in die Struktur und Entwicklung des Netzwerks der verknüpften Vokabularen. Unterstützt von geeigneten Tools für die Analyse in dieser Arbeit, kann es Verantwortlichen für Ontologien helfen, Mängel in der Datenmodellierung zu identifizieren und Abhängigkeiten zu bewerten, die durch die Wiederverwendung eines bestimmten Vokabulars entstehenden

Work Alienation and Its Influence on Employees' Performance Among a Sample of the Industrial Sector in Jordan

Work alienation is one of Karl Marx' theories that examines the feeling of estrangement among employees. The current research study examines the influence of work alienation on the employees' alienation with its elements(autonomy of decision making, variety and diversity of the tasks, feeling of alienation and managerial support) in the industrial sector in Jordan. Through the quantitative approach, and by utilizing the questionnaire as a tool, the researcher distributed the questionnaire on a total of (100) individuals in the industrial sector in Jordan. The results of the study indicated that there is a statistically significant relationship between work alienation and job performance. The study recommends organizations to improve work environment as it is one of the most important sources of work alienation. Keywords: Alienation, Performance, Drivers of Work Alienation, Industrial Sector in Jordan, Diversity, Environmen

The Effect of Using Differentiated Instruction Approach in Acquiring some Grammatical Structures and Developing Language Performance of Primary Grade Students

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using the differentiated instruction approach while teaching the Arabic Language for acquiring some linguistic structures and developing the linguistic performance of the primary-stage students. The materials and instruments of study consisted of student worksheets, teacher's guide, linguistic structure test, and the linguistic performance test. The participants in the research groups were selected, then, the experiment of study and the pre-post testing of study instruments were implemented. Data was statistically treated using SPSS.18 program. The findings of study revealed that there were statistically differences between the mean scores of the experimental and the control groups at level 0.5 in the linguistic structures test favoring the experimental group. Moreover, there were significat differences between the mean scores of the experimental and the control groups at level 0.5 in the linguistic performance test favoring the experimental group. A correlated relation has been proved between linguistic structure acquisition and the development of linguistic performance the by post-testing of the participants of experimental group

Evaluating And Testing Of A Potential Dna Vaccine Against Vibrio Cholerae

Although it has been more than 100 years since the first attempt to produce a cholera vaccine was made, an effective cholera vaccine has yet to be developed. In this study, the level of protection produced by a potential DNA vaccine (PVax/ctxB) was tested against the ctxB toxin of Vibrio cholerae on Balb/c mice. First, the intramuscular vaccination method was validated using pCMV plasmid that encodes HbsAg, which was detected 5 days after the injection into the tibial muscle. Next, 4 groups of mice were intramuscularly injected with either the pVax/ctxB vaccine construct or pVaxl as the negative control. The first and second groups received 2 injections spaced 3 weeks apart, while the other two groups were given 3 injections spaced 3 weeks apart. This was then followed by challenging the mice with 105 or 107 cfu/ml/mouse from clinical isolates of V. cholerae after 3 weeks of the last injection. Antibody levels for both IgG and serum IgA were monitored using ELISA, and showed high production of IgG after the first booster injection with no significant change of IgA levels

Application of Proteomics Approaches in the Identification of New Markers and Therapeutic Targets for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in most parts of the world and is a leading cause of death among women. Even though the incidence of the disease is increasing each year, early detection and improved treatments have increased the survival rates. Currently, only a few markers are used for either early diagnosis, treatment response or for survival of breast cancer. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) was used in the quest for new potential biomarkers for the disease. Breast cancer cell lines and normal breast cell line were used to optimize the conditions to produce the respective proteome maps. Fresh frozen samples representing tumor and adjacent normal tissues were then collected from patients who underwent breast surgery at HUKM, HKL and Hospital Putrajaya. A total of sixty samples representing tumor and adjacent normal tissues were collected from June 2005 to December 2006 and were screened using 2DGE. Subsequently, 24 samples representing the different stages of infiltrating ductal carcinoma were used for further analysis using 17 cm IPG strips with 2 pH ranges 3-10 and 4-7, and the gels were analyzed using PDQuest 7.3 software. Several protein spots of interest were then excised and analyzed using MALDI-TOF spectrometer. Tumor rejection antigen (gp96), heat shock protein 90α, nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 and opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule precursor were identified and found to be upregulated in breast cancer cell lines when compared to the normal breast cell line. Calreticulin, tumor rejection antigen (gp96), heat shock protein 60 and cytokine induced apoptosis inhibitor 1 were found to be up-regulated by 2 folds or more in tumor tissues when compared to the adjacent normal tissues. On the other hand, actin γ 2 and protein tyrosine phosphatase were found to be down-regulated in tumor tissues. Since Calreticulin, a calcium binding protein was more intense at different stages of the disease with its expression confirmed by Western blotting, it was chosen for further investigations. Quantitative RT-PCR with GAPDH as a house keeping gene was used to monitor the level of gene expression and to correlate the mRNA levels with calreticulin levels. In the samples that represent later stages of the disease, mRNA levels were found to be highly expressed in tumor tissues when compared to the adjacent normal tissues where in average more than 18 folds increase was observed. The mRNA level was also found to be decreased in stage IV sample where 12 folds increase was observed, indicating a possible role of calreticulin in the progression of the disease. In conclusion, the proteomics approaches were utilized in this study and was found to be valuable in the search for potential new biomarkers for breast cancer

A Combination Between the Employment Service Technique and the Electronic Customer Relationship Management (ECRM)

The main objective of this study is tocombine between the employment service technique and the electronic customer relationship management (ECRM). Now Companies and Offices are working manually in Jordan. So we have to make an important goal to fulfill in order to have a more accurate system in place to gain and manage the requirements of the business and the service for the customers, to get the number of the unhappy customers decreasing and proving that this way is more effective and affective along the large numbers of unhappy customers, while it is so hard to get every customer pleased but Web-based Systems can be easy to manage the quality control as an online supported tool. Making the web-based customer support system a well-organized and well maintained system and by that it can be called an Electronic Customer Relationship Management System (ECRM) and its crucial for any online survey, it can be reached by related institutions, anytime. anywhere that can add values to the users. Thus, this study proposed a web based system to address and decrease the rate of unemployed Jordanian

Journalists' Perceptions Towards Digital Media Training in Jordanian Media Organizations

The study aimed to reveal the perceptions of Journalists' Perceptions toward digital media Training in Jordanian Media organizations. The study sample consisted of journalists working in Jordanian media organizations. The study used the descriptive exploratory approach and concluded that there is an effect of applying digital media tools according to the perceptions of journalists, and they focused on the reasons why most Jordanian media organizations are not ready to employ digital media techniques. In addition, the study indicated that there were Jordan journalists possessed various skills in digital media, including using social networks for research, writing, publishing news stories, and editing content

Machine Learning Algorithm for Wireless Indoor Localization

Smartphones equipped with Wi-Fi technology are widely used nowadays. Due to the need for inexpensive indoor positioning systems (IPSs), many researchers have focused on Wi-Fi-based IPSs, which use wireless local area network received signal strength (RSS) data that are collected at distinct locations in indoor environments called reference points. In this study, a new framework based on symmetric Bregman divergence, which incorporates k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classification in signal space, was proposed. The coordinates of the target were determined as a weighted combination of the nearest fingerprints using Jensen-Bregman divergences, which unify the squared Euclidean and Mahalanobis distances with information-theoretic Jensen-Shannon divergence measures. To validate our work, the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with the probabilistic neural network and multivariate Kullback-Leibler divergence. The distance error for the developed algorithm was less than 1 m

Hybrid Mammogram Classification Using Rough Set and Fuzzy Classifier

We propose a computer aided detection (CAD) system for the detection and classification of suspicious regions in mammographic images. This system combines a dimensionality reduction module (using principal component analysis), a feature extraction module (using independent component analysis), and a feature subset selection module (using rough set model). Rough set model is used to reduce the effect of data inconsistency while a fuzzy classifier is integrated into the system to label subimages into normal or abnormal regions. The experimental results show that this system has an accuracy of 84.03% and a recall percentage of 87.28%

Children's Literature at Osman Abubakar Aliyinla

تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى تجلية بعض الإسهامات التي قدمها الأستاذ عثمان أبوبكر يوسف أَيْلَيْيِنْلا - رحمه الله تعالى - في ميدان أدب الطفل، حيث تقع موضوعات بعض قصائده ومقطوعاته وحكاياته في صميم ما يعنى بأدب الطفل، الذي يرعى النشء رعاية جليلة، سواء في سلوكه، أو عقيدته، أو علاقته مع الخالق - جل شأنه -، أو تعامله مع المخلوقين، أو التغني بمشاعره وحتى في شئونه الشخصية وغير الشخصية. ومن ثم تهدف الدراسة مستعملة المنهج الوصفي إلى الإجابة عن الأسئلة التالية: ما أدب الطفل؟ وما موضوعاته المتوفرة في أعمال عثمان أبوبكر أيليينلا؟ وما أهميتها في حياة الطفل؟ ومن أهم النتائج التي يُتوقع أن يتوصل البحث إليها: أن أعمال عثمان أيليينلا تحرص على غرس حب الفضيلة، والثقة بالنفس، واللجوء إلى الله، والإحسان إلى الوالدين في قلوب الطفل، وأن كثيرا من هذه الموضوعات صيغت أشعارا وحكايات وفكاهات في قالب سلس وعذب يتلاءم مع ميول الأطفال الغنائيةThis study intends to enlighten Children Literature in some of Sheikh Usman Abubakar Yusuf Eleyinla’s poetry, tales and riddles. Meanwhile, Children Literature has gained more and needed attention from contemporary writers. It helps in managing and developing children thinking, emotion and fiction. Likewise, it plays ethical roles in terms of children relationship with their socio-culture and religious value. The research shall therefore, try by using descriptive method, to answer the following: what is Children Literature? what are the children literature’s themes discussed in Eleyinla’s works, and what are its impacts on children life? Among the findings is that: Eleyinla’s creative works engaged the children in self dependence, good behaviours, doing goodness to parents and total submission to the Creature, also it was observed that Eleyinla used attractive approach and language that are in line with childish nature and attitude.This study intends to enlighten Children Literature in some of Sheikh Usman Abubakar Yusuf Eleyinla’s poetry, tales and riddles. Meanwhile, Children Literature has gained more and needed attention from contemporary writers. It helps in managing and developing children thinking, emotion and fiction. Likewise, it plays ethical roles in terms of children relationship with their socio-culture and religious value. The research shall therefore, try by using descriptive method, to answer the following: what is Children Literature? what are the children literature’s themes discussed in Eleyinla’s works, and what are its impacts on children life? Among the findings is that: Eleyinla’s creative works engaged the children in self dependence, good behaviours, doing goodness to parents and total submission to the Creature, also it was observed that Eleyinla used attractive approach and language that are in line with childish nature and attitude