Moral functioning across training and competition in sport

Contains fulltext : 217450.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)This study examined whether (a) adolescent (Mage = 15.13, SD = 1.55) team-sport athletes' (N = 137) perceived motivational climate, moral disengagement, and prosocial and antisocial behaviour differ in training and competition contexts, (b) moral disengagement mediates the relationship between motivational climate and prosocial and antisocial behaviour in training and competition, and (c) indirect effects between motivational climate, moral disengagement, and prosocial and antisocial behaviour are moderated by context. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that athletes reported higher performance climate and antisocial behaviour in competition than in training, whereas mastery climate, moral disengagement and prosocial behaviour did not differ between contexts. Moderated mediation analysis revealed that the relationships between mastery climate and antisocial behaviour, and between performance climate and antisocial behaviour, were both mediated by moral disengagement in both contexts. No mediation effect was moderated by context. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of personal and contextual influences on athletes' moral functioning in sport.17 p

Achievement goals and motivational responses in tennis: Does the context matter?

Objectives: This study examined: (a) whether athletes’ goal orientations differ across training and competition; (b) whether goal orientations predict effort, enjoyment, and psychological skill use differently in training and competition; and (c) whether goal orientations predict perceived improvement in training and perceived performance in competition. Method: Participants were 116 competitive tennis players (mean age = 19.99, SD = 5.82), who completed questionnaires measuring goal orientations, effort, enjoyment, and psychological skill use in training and competition, perceived improvement in training, and perceived performance in competition. Results: Dependent t-tests revealed that athletes reported higher task orientation in training than in competition and higher ego orientation in competition than in training, while Pearson product-moment correlations revealed a high cross-contextual consistency for both task and ego goal orientations between training and competition. Regression analyses indicated that task orientation predicted positively effort, enjoyment, self-talk, and goal setting in both contexts, perceived improvement in training, and perceived performance in competition. An interaction effect also emerged whereby ego orientation predicted positively effort in competition only when task orientation was low or average. Conclusions: The findings suggest that goal orientations may differ between training and competition; task orientation is the goal that should be promoted in both contexts; and the context may affect the relationship between goal orientations and effort, enjoyment, and goal setting

Achievement motivation in training and competition: does the context matter?

The aim of this thesis was to examine the influence of training and competition on achievement motivation, specifically on: (a) achievement goals and perceived motivational climate; and (b) on the relationships between goals, perceived climate, and outcomes such as effort, enjoyment, tension, psychological skills and performance. Study one addressed these purposes in tennis and study two in football; study three extended the findings to a wide variety of sports, and study four to an experimental training and competition of a golf-putting task. In general, the findings indicate that ego orientation and perceived performance climate tend to be higher in competition than in training. Task orientation showed a propensity to be higher in training than in competition, whereas perceived mastery climate appeared to be more stable across the two contexts. A task goal emerged as the most adaptive goal in both contexts, whereas an ego goal was found to be associated with additional benefits in competition, such as higher effort. Sport type (i.e., individual vs. team sports) influenced these relationships, but only in competition. Overall, these findings suggest that the distinction between training and competition contexts is a valuable one and should be considered when examining achievement motivation in sport

Author's Reply: Response to_ Defining comparators according to IQWIG’s efficiency-frontier method

Response to: Defining comparators according to IQWIG’s efficiency-frontier metho

Cost-Effectiveness of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Germany: An Application of the Efficiency Frontier

Background: To assess the cost-effectiveness of new treatments in Germany, the efficiency frontier (EF) method has been developed. We compared the cost-effectiveness analysis using international standards and the German methodology, using the heart failure drug sacubitril/valsartan as an example. Methods: A previously developed Markov model was adapted to include 4 treatment options: no treatment, enalapril, candesartan, and sacubitril/valsartan. The internationally used incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated, as well as cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Additionally, EFs, net monetary benefits (NMBs), and price-acceptability curves were created according to German guidelines. All analyses were performed from the perspective of the German Statutory Health Insurance. Results: The base-case ICER for sacubitril/valsartan compared to enalapril is (sic)19 300/quality-adjusted life-year. On the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, sacubitril/valsartan is most likely to be cost-effective, out of all included comparators, from a hypothetical willingness-to-pay threshold of (sic)18 250/quality-adjusted life-year onward. No EF could be constructed for the base case. Taking the uncertainty of the input parameters into account for the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, a NMB of around -(sic)14 000 was calculated, depending on the outcome considered, with the NMB being zero at a daily price for sacubitril/valsartan ranging from (sic)1.52 to (sic)1.67. Conclusion: We calculated an ICER for Germany, comparable to previously published cost-effectiveness analyses for Europe, which widely concluded sacubitril/valsartan to be cost-effective. Using the German EF approach, a considerable discount needs to be applied before sacubitril/valsartan can be considered cost-effective

Age-dependency of EHRA improvement based on quality of life at diagnosis of atrial fibrillation

Background: In this study, the relationship between AF-related quality of life (AFEQT) at baseline in AF-patients and the improvement on perceived symptoms and general state of health (EHRA, European Heart Rhythm Association score) at 12 months was assessed across predefined age categories. Methods: Between November 2014 and October 2019 patients diagnosed with AF de novo in four hospitals embedded within the Netherlands Heart Network were prospectively followed for 12 months. These AF-patients were categorized into quartiles based on their AFEQT score at diagnosis and EHRA score was measured at diagnosis and 12 months of follow-up. Stratified analyses were performed using age categories (65 and ≥75 years, respectively. Future research should focus on further defining characteristics of these age groups to enable the implementation of age-tailored treatment