Major problems of growing sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Nigeria

Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) is a crop of great antiquity and probably one of the oldest oilseeds under cultivation. No records on sesame outdate those of Babylon in Sumeria where it was known in 2350 B.C. At present the crop is grown in many tropical and subtropical countries, among which India, China, Mexico, the Sudan and Venezuela rank first in production. Since 1967 most published research has been carried out in India and Venezuela.The total world production which varies considorably from year to year, has shown since 1950/1951 no consistent trend of increase or decrease. It amounted to about 1.8 million ton both in 1950/1951 and 1969/1970. Approximately 10 per cent of the production moves into international trade. In Nigeria purchases of sesame seed by the Marketing Board arrived at 17,459 ton in 1969/1970 and 5,714 ton in 1970/1971. The export is mainly directed towards Italy. Sesame seed contains about 50 Per cent oil and 20 per cent protein, it is a popular constituent of various local dishes and is highly regarded because of the good quality of its oil.The crop is well established in parts of four province- of the Northern States of Nigeria. The production areas are characterised by their location between latitudes 6° and 10°, a duration of the dry season of about 4 to 5 months, an annual rainfall of about 1,000-1,500 mm, a vegetation of rather open savannah woodland and a top soil of loamy sand. The cultivation and crop handling follow traditional patterns and the use of machinery is uncommon.Most of the experimental work reported here has been carried out at the Agricultural Research Station, Mokwa, Nigeria. Section 4 deals with spacing and density experiments. Ways of sowing vary in the different production areas of Nigeria but basically two methods can be distinguished. (a) The Igbirra method, characterised by sowing on ridges about 4 m apart at a spacing of 45 cm between the stands and with about 16 plants per stand, and (b) the Tiv method, which involves broadcasting,rarely followed by thinning; plant counts per unit area showed considerable variation, the mean plant density value being calculated as 673,000 plants per ha. In view of soil and water conservation, sowing on ridges has been a recommended practice in Nigeria for a long time, the distance between the ridges usually being 91 cm. The experimental results under such conditions were interpreted as to give an optimum for a spacing of about 6 cm. on the ridges. Sowing on the flat in 1971 produced a maximum-yield at a spacing of about 22 x 13 cm. In this case a formula derived from Bleasdale and Nelder (1960) was found to describe well the relation between spacing and yield.In both methods, described under (a) and (b) there is room for improvement.In Nigeria. it is common experience that for a good number of crops early sowing, immediately after the onset of the rains, results in maximum yields and delay of sowing causes yield reduction. Factors thought to affect sowing date differences and their consequences for crop growth and yield, were, daylength changes, leaching of nitrogen, capping of the soil caused by hard rain, saturation of the soil with water, and differences in light intensity, disease and post incidence and temperature during the growing season.The data in section 5 provide a quantitative evaluation of the effect of sowing date on growth and yield of sesame. They indicate that the first four factors mentioned cannot explain the typical "sowing date delay effect." However, changes in light intensity, disease incidence and possibly temperature during the season influence the relation between sowing date and crop growth.Most of the common sesame cultivars are characterised by opening or dehiscent capsules. This capsule character has the advantage that it simplifies threshing, but the disadvantage that it increases seed loss. The discovery in 1943 of the indehiscence character in Venezuela by Langham was of great significance, as it enabled increased mechanisation of sesame production, and was expected to reduce seed loss. However, the results of experiments described in section 6 showed that losses caused by shattering of seed from opening capsules is less than visually estimated, and that seed loss need not exceed 2 per cent if a good harvesting method is applied (Fence B). It is concluded that the character of indehiscent capsules will become of value only when combines can be employed economically at harvest. Picking or stripping of capsules appeared to be a method of no practical value.Section 7 mentions the main diseases and pests of sesame and deals in more detail with a virus, disease called leaf-curl. Attempts to transmit the disease with plant sap and with seed failed but white flies were observed to act as vectors of leaf-curl. The damage caused by the disease can be disastrous and it embodies an actual or potential threat to sesame cultivation in Nigeria. Sowing date trials showed that delay of sowing after the onset of the rains increases infection and that the disease incidence decreases when sowing is postponed till after the middle of July. Sowing after the middle of August results in disease-free crops. The magnitude of the white fly population, as estimated by counts on yellow, sticky traps, was not always a reliable indicator for the extent of disease infection. Resistance to leaf-curl was correlated with hairiness in an F 4 bulk population, but occurred also in glabrous plants and reduced the disease damage considerably.</TT

Bean production in monoculture and in association with maize : the effect of diseases and pest incidence; summary

Meeting: Symposium on Intercropping in Semi-Arid Areas, 2d, 4-7 Aug. 1980, Morogoro, TZIn IDL-391

Early enteral tube feeding in optimizing treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum: the Maternal and Offspring outcomes after Treatment of HyperEmesis by Refeeding (MOTHER) randomized controlled trial

Item does not contain fulltextBackground: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) leads to dehydration, poor nutritional intake, and weight loss. HG has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight. Information about the potential effectiveness of treatments for HG is limited.Objective: We hypothesized that in women with HG, early enteral tube feeding in addition to standard care improves birth weight.Design: We performed a multicenter, open-label randomized controlled trial [Maternal and Offspring outcomes after Treatment of HyperEmesis by Refeeding (MOTHER)] in 19 hospitals in the Netherlands. A total of 116 women hospitalized for HG between 5 and 20 wk of gestation were randomly allocated to enteral tube feeding for >/=7 d in addition to standard care with intravenous rehydration and antiemetic treatment or to standard care alone. Women were encouraged to continue tube feeding at home. On the basis of our power calculation, a sample size of 120 women was anticipated. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle.Results: Between October 2014 and March 2016 we randomly allocated 59 women to enteral tube feeding and 57 women to standard care. The mean +/- SD birth weight was 3160 +/- 770 g in the enteral tube feeding group compared with 3200 +/- 680 g in the standard care group (mean difference: -40 g, 95% CI: -230, 310 g). Secondary outcomes, including maternal weight gain, duration of hospital stay, readmission rate, nausea and vomiting symptoms, decrease in quality of life, psychological distress, prematurity, and small-for-gestational-age, also were comparable. Of the women allocated to enteral tube feeding, 28 (47%) were treated according to protocol. Enteral tube feeding was discontinued within 7 d of placement in the remaining women, primarily because of its adverse effects (34%).Conclusions: In women with HG, early enteral tube feeding does not improve birth weight or secondary outcomes. Many women discontinued tube feeding because of discomfort, suggesting that it is poorly tolerated as an early routine treatment of HG. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR4197

Hyperemesis gravidarum severity, enteral tube feeding and cardiometabolic markers in offspring cord blood

This study aimed to investigate the association between hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) severity and early enteral tube feeding on cardiometabolic markers in offspring cord blood. We included women admitted for HG, who participated in the MOTHER randomised controlled trial (RCT) and observational cohort. The MOTHER RCT showed that early enteral tube feeding in addition to standard care did not affect symptoms/birth outcomes. Among RCT and cohort participants, we assessed how HG severity affected lipid, c-peptide, glucose and free thyroxine cord blood levels. HG severity measures were severity of vomiting at inclusion and 3 weeks after inclusion, pregnancy weight gain and 24-h energy intake at inclusion, readmissions and duration of hospital admissions. Cord blood measures were also compared between RCT participants allocated to enteral tube feeding and those receiving standard care. Between 2013-2016, 215 women were included: 115 RCT and 100 cohort participants. Eighty-one cord blood samples were available. Univariable not multivariable regression analysis showed that lower maternal weight gain was associated with higher cord blood glucose levels (β: -0·08, 95% CI -0·16, -0·00). Lower maternal weight gain was associated with higher Apo-B cord blood levels in multivariable regression analysis (β: -0·01, 95% CI -0·02, -0·01). No associations were found between other HG severity measures or allocation to enteral tube feeding and cord blood cardiometabolic markers. In conclusion, while lower maternal weight gain was associated with higher Apo-B cord blood levels, no other HG severity measures were linked with cord blood cardiometabolic markers, nor were these markers affected by enteral tube feeding

Recurrence, postponing pregnancy, and termination rates after hyperemesis gravidarum: Follow up of the MOTHER study

Contains fulltext : 238920.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)INTRODUCTION: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) complicates 1% of pregnancies and has a major impact on maternal quality of life and well-being. We know very little about HG's long-term impact after an affected pregnancy, including recurrence rates in future pregnancies, which is essential information for women considering subsequent pregnancies. In this study, we aimed to prospectively measure the recurrence rate of HG and the number of postponed and terminated subsequent pregnancies due to HG. We also aimed to evaluate if there were predictive factors that could identify women at increased risk for HG recurrence, and postponing and terminating subsequent pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study. A total of 215 women admitted for HG to public hospitals in the Netherlands were enrolled in the original MOTHER randomized controlled trial and associated observational cohort. Seventy-three women were included in this follow-up study. Data were collected through an online questionnaire. Recurrent HG was defined as vomiting symptoms accompanied by any of the following: multiple medication use, weight loss, admission, tube feeding or if nausea and vomiting symptoms were severe enough to affect life and/or work. Outcome measures were recurrence, postponing, and termination rates due to HG. Univariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictive factors associated with HG recurrence, and postponing and terminating subsequent pregnancies. RESULTS: Thirty-five women (48%) became pregnant again of whom 40% had postponed their pregnancy due to HG. HG recurred in 89% of pregnancies. One woman terminated and eight women (23%) considered terminating their pregnancy because of recurrent HG. Twenty-four out of 38 women did not get pregnant again because of HG in the past. Univariable logistic regression analysis identifying possible predictive factors found that having a western background was associated with having weight loss due to recurrent HG in subsequent pregnancies (odds ratio 12.9, 95% CI 1.3-130.5, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: High rates of HG recurrence and a high number of postponed pregnancies due to HG were observed. Women can be informed of a high chance of recurrence to enable informed family planning

Early enteral tube feeding in optimizing treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum: The Maternal and Offspring outcomes after Treatment of HyperEmesis by Refeeding (MOTHER) randomized controlled trial

Background: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) leads to dehydration, poor nutritional intake, and weight loss. HG has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight. Information about the potential effectiveness of treatments for HG is limited. Objective: We hypothesized that in women with HG, early enteral tube feeding in addition to standard care improves birth weight. Design: We performed a multicenter, open-label randomized controlled trial [Maternal and Offspring outcomes after Treatment of HyperEmesis by Refeeding (MOTHER)] in 19 hospitals in the Netherlands. A total of 116 women hospitalized for HG between 5 and 20 wk of gestation were randomly allocated to enteral tube feeding for ≥7 d in addition to standard care with intravenous rehydration and antiemetic treatment or to standard care alone. Women were encouraged to continue tube feeding at home. On the basis of our power calculation, a sample size of 120 women was anticipated. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Results: Between October 2014 and March 2016 we randomly allocated 59 women to enteral tube feeding and 57 women to standard care. The mean ± SD birth weight was 3160 ± 770 g in the enteral tube feeding group compared with 3200 ± 680 g in the standard care group (mean difference: -40 g, 95% CI: -230, 310 g). Secondary outcomes, including maternal weight gain, duration of hospital stay, readmission rate, nausea and vomiting symptoms, decrease in quality of life, psychological distress, prematurity, and small-for-gestationalage, also were comparable. Of the women allocated to enteral tube feeding, 28 (47%) were treated according to protocol. Enteral tube feeding was discontinued within 7 d of placement in the remaining women, primarily because of its adverse effects (34%). Conclusions: In women with HG, early enteral tube feeding does not improve birth weight or secondary outcomes. Many women discontinued tube feeding because of discomfort, suggesting that it is poorly tolerated as an early routine treatment of HG

Ketonuria is not associated with hyperemesis gravidarum disease severity

Objective: To assess the association between ketonuria and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) disease severity. Study design: We included pregnant women hospitalised for HG who participated in the Maternal and Offspring outcomes after Treatment of HyperEmesis by Refeeding (MOTHER) trial and women who were eligible, chose not to be randomised and agreed to participate in the observational cohort. Between October 2013 and March 2016, in 19 hospitals in the Netherlands, women hospitalised for HG were approached for study participation. The presence of ketonuria was not required for study entry. Ketonuria was measured at hospital admission with a dipstick, which distinguishes 5 categories: negative and 1+ through 4 + . The outcome measures were multiple measures of HG disease severity at different time points: 1) At hospital admission (study entry): severity of nausea and vomiting, quality of life and weight change compared to pre-pregnancy weight, 2) One week after hospital admission: severity of nausea and vomiting, quality of life and weight change compared to admission, 3) Duration of index hospital admission and readmission for HG at any time point. Results: 215 women where included. Ketonuria was not associated with severity of nausea and vomiting, quality of life or weight loss at hospital admission, nor was the degree of ketonuria at admission associated with any of the outcomes 1 week after hospital admission. The degree of ketonuria was also not associated with the number of readmissions. However, women with a higher degree of ketonuria had a statistically significant longer duration of hospital stay (per 1+ ketonuria, difference: 0.27 days, 95 % CI: 0.05 to 0.48). Conclusions: There was no association between the degree of ketonuria at admission and severity of symptoms, quality of life, maternal weight loss, or number of readmissions, suggesting that ketonuria provides no information about disease severity or disease course. Despite this, women with a higher degree of ketonuria at admission were hospitalised for longer. This could suggest that health care professionals base length of hospital stay on the degree of ketonuria. Based on the lack of association between ketonuria and disease severity, we suggest it has no additional value in the clinical management of HG. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V