Confusing categories: peasants, politics and national identities in the multilingual state, Belgium c. 1880-1940.

La politización rural ha sido el centro de un largo debate académico en la historiografía europea. Si algo ha llegado a poner de manifiesto es que ese proceso no fue lineal y estuvo revestido de ambigüedad. Bélgica un estado bilingüe desde su propio nacimiento es un caso fascinante desde este punto de vista. Este texto trata de revelar la singularidad y complejidad del ejemplo belga, situando el foco en el papel jugado, antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, por las organizaciones agrarias en la confirmación o en la reconstrucción de identidades nacionales y en el fortalecimiento y debilitamiento de las ideologías y los partidos políticos. Inicialmente se produjo una convergencia hacia un modelo coherente belga-católico de organización, fundado en una imagen romántica y nacionalista del campesinado y el campo. Pero la fragmentación organizativa, sobre la base de dos de las grandes divisorias de la sociedad belga la ideológica y la etnocultural se impuso finalmente. Este texto sostiene que las asociaciones agrarias belgas no solo tuvieron que definir su camino en el embrollo político belga y utilizaron la política partidaria como instrumento para sus propios fines sociales y económicos, sino que al hacerlo se implicaron, si no quedaron atrapadas, en el campo de minas político, contribuyendo a consolidar las divisorias existentes en el país. El análisis se basa en la combinación de tres y a menudo inconexas subdisciplinas: la historia rural, la historia política y la historia del nacionalismo, así como relevantes fuentes primarias.The politicisation of the farming population has been at the centre of a long academic debate in European historiography. If anything has become apparent so far, it is that the process was neither linear nor unambiguous. Belgium –a bilingual country since its establishment in 1830– is a fascinating case in this respect. This paper points out the singularity and complexity of the Belgian example, focusing on the role played until World War II by farmers’ associations in affirming or reordering national identities and strengthening or weakening ideologies and political parties. Initially, there was a convergence around a coherent Belgian Catholic organisational model that rested on a romantic nationalist image of the peasantry and countryside. But organisational fragmentation eventually prevailed, causing splits along two fundamental fault lines in Belgian society: the ideological and ethno‐cultural cleavages. This article argues that farmers’ associations faced the challenge of navigating through the Belgian political imbroglio, using party politics as an instrument for their own economic and social ends. In so doing they became involved or even ensnared in the minefield of politics, subsequently contributing to the reaffirmation of Belgium’s political fault lines. The analysis is based on relevant primary sources along with the combined use of three scholarly sub‐disciplines that do not often appear together: rural history, political history and the history of nationalism

Decoupled Learning of Environment Characteristics for Safe Exploration

Reinforcement learning is a proven technique for an agent to learn a task. However, when learning a task using reinforcement learning, the agent cannot distinguish the characteristics of the environment from those of the task. This makes it harder to transfer skills between tasks in the same environment. Furthermore, this does not reduce risk when training for a new task. In this paper, we introduce an approach to decouple the environment characteristics from the task-specific ones, allowing an agent to develop a sense of survival. We evaluate our approach in an environment where an agent must learn a sequence of collection tasks, and show that decoupled learning allows for a safer utilization of prior knowledge.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, ICML 2017 workshop on Reliable Machine Learning in the Wil

Surface probing by fragment-based screening and computational methods identifies ligandable pockets on the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase

Beyond the targeting of E3 ubiquitin ligases to inhibit protein homeostasis, E3 ligase binders can be repurposed as targeted protein degraders (PROTACs or molecular glues). We sought to identify new binders of the VHL E3 ligase by biophysical fragment-based screening followed by X-ray crystallographic soaking. We identified fragments binding at the ElonginC:Cullin2 interface and a new cryptic pocket in VHL, along with other potential ligandable sites predicted computationally and found to bind solvent molecules in crystal structures. The elucidated interactions provide starting points for future ligand development

Maintien des avantages concédés entre époux pour les divorces antérieurs au 1er septembre 2007

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La saisie des immeubles : questions actuelles tirées de la pratique notariale

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La donation des titres par simple inscription au registre des actions – État de la question

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