Revision of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding: Success or Failure?

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a safe and frequently performed bariatric procedure. Unfortunately, re-operations are often necessary. Reports on the success of revisional procedures are scarce and show variable results, either supporting or declining the idea of revising LAGB. This study describes a large cohort of re-operations after failed LAGB to determine the success of revision. METHODS: By use of a prospective cohort, all LAGB revisions performed between 1996 and 2008 were identified. From 301 primary LAGB procedures in our centre, 43 patients (14.3%) required a band revision. In addition, 51 patients were referred from other centres. Our analysis included in total 94 patients with a mean follow-up period of 38 months after revision. RESULTS: Revision was mainly necessary due to anterior slippage (46%) and symmetrical pouch dilatation (36%), which could be resolved by replacing (70%) or refixating the band (27%). Weight loss significantly increased after revision (excess BMI loss (EBMIL), 37.2 +/- 36.3% versus 47.5 +/- 30.4%, P < 0.05). After revision, 23 patients (24%) needed a second re-operation. Patients converted to other procedures (16%) during the second re-operation showed larger weight loss than the revised group (EBMIL, 64.3 +/- 28.1% versus 44.3 +/- 28.7%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We report on a large cohort of LAGB revisions with 38 months of follow-up. Revision of failed LAGB by either refixation or replacement of the band is successful and further increases weight loss

Spectroscopic study of plasma nitrocarburizing processes with an industrial-scale carbon active screen

The active screen plasma nitrocarburizing technology is an improvement of conventional plasma nitrocarburizing by providing a homogeneous temperature distribution within the workload and reducing soot formation. In this study, an industrial-scale active screen (AS) made of carbon-fibre-reinforced carbon serves as the cathode as well as the carbon source for the plasma-chemical processes taking place. The pulsed dc discharge was maintained at a few mbar of pressure while simultaneously being fed with a mixed gas flow of hydrogen and nitrogen ranging from 10 to 100 slh. Using in situ infrared laser absorption spectroscopy with lead salt tuneable diode lasers and external-cavity quantum cascade lasers, the temperatures and concentrations of HCN, NH3, CH4, C2H2, and CO have been monitored as a function of pressure and total gas flow. To simulate industrial treatment conditions the temperature of the sample workload in the centre of the reactor volume was kept at 773 K by varying the plasma power at the AS between 6 and 8.5 kW. The resulting spectroscopically measured temperatures in the plasma agreed well with this value. Concentrations of the various species ranged from 6 × 1013 to 1 × 1016 cm−3 with HCN being the most abundant species

The spatial density distribution of H2O2 in the effluent of the COST-Jet and the kINPen-sci operated with a humidified helium feed gas

Cold atmospheric plasma jets operated with a helium feed gas containing small admixtures of water vapour are excellent sources of H2O2 for direct biomedical applications. However, H2O2 is typically distributed non-uniformly throughout the effluent region, meaning the dosage received by a patient or substrate is dependent on their positioning relative to the plasma source. This study presents the spatial distribution of absolute H2O2 number densities in the effluent of two popular plasma jets, the COST-Jet and the kINPen-sci plasma jet, when operated with a humidified helium feed gas. The measurements were performed using continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy with a tunable, mid-infrared laser. The H2O2 number density measured close to the jet nozzle is 2.3 × 1014 cm−3 for the kINPen-sci plasma jet and 1.4 × 1014 cm−3 for the COST-Jet. The average number density of H2O2 in the effluent of the kINPen-sci plasma jet is a factor of two higher than in the effluent of the COST-Jet. The distribution of H2O2 in the COST-Jet effluent is initially highly uniform and suggests negligible mixing of H2O2 with the ambient air up to 15 mm from the jet nozzle, although it is rapidly diluted at further distances. In the case of the kINPen-sci plasma jet, the number density of H2O2 has a more pronounced radial distribution close to the nozzle, while the mixing with the ambient air is more gradual at further distances from the nozzle. It is evident that a detailed understanding of the H2O2 production in the plasma source, as well as of the transport of H2O2 to the substrate through the effluent, is required in order to optimise the intended effects. This work serves to highlight the difference of the distinct spatial distribution of H2O2 in the effluent of both types of plasma jets when considering their direct application in biomedicine

What is the long-term clinical outcome after fragility fractures of the pelvis? - A CT-based cross-sectional study

Background: Recently, Rommens and Hoffman introduced a CT-based classification system for fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). Although fracture characteristics have been described, the relationship with clinical outcome is lacking. The purpose of this study was to get insight into the type of treatment and subsequent clinical outcome after all types of FFP. Methods: A cross-sectional cohort study was performed including all elderly patients (≥ 65 years) with a CT-diagnosed FFP, between 2007-2019 in two level 1 trauma centers. Data regarding treatment, mortality and clinical outcome was gathered from the electronic patient files. Patients were asked to complete patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) regarding physical functioning (SMFA) and quality of life (EQ-5D). Additionally, a standardized multidisciplinary treatment algorithm was constructed. Results: A total of 187 patients were diagnosed with an FFP of whom 117 patients were available for follow-up analysis and 58 patients responded. FFP type I was most common (60%), followed by type II (27%), type III (8%) and type IV (5%). Almost all injuries were treated non-operatively (98%). Mobility at six weeks ranged from 50% (type III) to 80% type II). Mortality at 1 year was respectively 16% (type I and II), 47% (type III) and 13% (type IV). Physical functioning (SMFA function index) ranged from 62 (type III and IV) to 69 (type II) and was significantly decreased (P=<0.001) compared to the age-matched general population. Quality of life was also significantly decreased, ranging from 0.26 (type III) to 0.69 (type IV). Conclusions: FFP type I and II are most common. Treatment is mainly non-operative, resulting in good mobility after six weeks, especially for patients with FFP type I and II. Mortality rates at one year were substantial in all patients. Physical functioning and quality of life was about 20-30% decreased compared to the general population

Iron abundances from optical Fe III absorption lines in B-type stellar spectra

The role of optical Fe III absorption lines in B-type stars as iron abundance diagnostics is considered. To date, ultraviolet Fe lines have been widely used in B-type stars, although line blending can severely hinder their diagnostic power. Using optical spectra, covering a wavelength range ~ 3560 - 9200 A, a sample of Galactic B-type main-sequence and supergiant stars of spectral types B0.5 to B7 are investigated. A comparison of the observed Fe III spectra of supergiants, and those predicted from the model atmosphere codes TLUSTY (plane-parallel, non-LTE), with spectra generated using SYNSPEC (LTE), and CMFGEN (spherical, non-LTE), reveal that non-LTE effects appear small. In addition, a sample of main-sequence and supergiant objects, observed with FEROS, reveal LTE abundance estimates consistent with the Galactic environment and previous optical studies. Based on the present study, we list a number of Fe III transitions which we recommend for estimating the iron abundance from early B-type stellar spectra.Comment: 3 figures and 8 tables. Table 3 is to be published online only (included here on last page). Accepted for publication in MNRA

Tuberculosis research in South Africa over the past 30 years: From bench to bedside

The South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research has a rich history of high-impact research that has influenced our understating of this hyper-epidemic which is further exacerbated by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant forms of the disease. This review aims to summarise the past 30 years of research conducted in the Centre which has influenced the way that tuberculosis (TB) is diagnosed and treated. The review includes the development of new technologies for rapid screening of people with probable TB and the repurposing of human diagnostics for wildlife conservation

Geometry sensing by dendritic cells dictates spatial organization and PGE2-induced dissolution of podosomes

Assembly and disassembly of adhesion structures such as focal adhesions (FAs) and podosomes regulate cell adhesion and differentiation. On antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), acquisition of a migratory and immunostimulatory phenotype depends on podosome dissolution by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Whereas the effects of physico-chemical and topographical cues have been extensively studied on FAs, little is known about how podosomes respond to these signals. Here, we show that, unlike for FAs, podosome formation is not controlled by substrate physico-chemical properties. We demonstrate that cell adhesion is the only prerequisite for podosome formation and that substrate availability dictates podosome density. Interestingly, we show that DCs sense 3-dimensional (3-D) geometry by aligning podosomes along the edges of 3-D micropatterned surfaces. Finally, whereas on a 2-dimensional (2-D) surface PGE2 causes a rapid increase in activated RhoA levels leading to fast podosome dissolution, 3-D geometric cues prevent PGE2-mediated RhoA activation resulting in impaired podosome dissolution even after prolonged stimulation. Our findings indicate that 2-D and 3-D geometric cues control the spatial organization of podosomes. More importantly, our studies demonstrate the importance of substrate dimensionality in regulating podosome dissolution and suggest that substrate dimensionality plays an important role in controlling DC activation, a key process in initiating immune responses

Machine learning for regulatory analysis and transcription factor target prediction in yeast

High throughput technologies, including array-based chromatin immunoprecipitation, have rapidly increased our knowledge of transcriptional maps—the identity and location of regulatory binding sites within genomes. Still, the full identification of sites, even in lower eukaryotes, remains largely incomplete. In this paper we develop a supervised learning approach to site identification using support vector machines (SVMs) to combine 26 different data types. A comparison with the standard approach to site identification using position specific scoring matrices (PSSMs) for a set of 104 Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulators indicates that our SVM-based target classification is more sensitive (73 vs. 20%) when specificity and positive predictive value are the same. We have applied our SVM classifier for each transcriptional regulator to all promoters in the yeast genome to obtain thousands of new targets, which are currently being analyzed and refined to limit the risk of classifier over-fitting. For the purpose of illustration we discuss several results, including biochemical pathway predictions for Gcn4 and Rap1. For both transcription factors SVM predictions match well with the known biology of control mechanisms, and possible new roles for these factors are suggested, such as a function for Rap1 in regulating fermentative growth. We also examine the promoter melting temperature curves for the targets of YJR060W, and show that targets of this TF have potentially unique physical properties which distinguish them from other genes. The SVM output automatically provides the means to rank dataset features to identify important biological elements. We use this property to rank classifying k-mers, thereby reconstructing known binding sites for several TFs, and to rank expression experiments, determining the conditions under which Fhl1, the factor responsible for expression of ribosomal protein genes, is active. We can see that targets of Fhl1 are differentially expressed in the chosen conditions as compared to the expression of average and negative set genes. SVM-based classifiers provide a robust framework for analysis of regulatory networks. Processing of classifier outputs can provide high quality predictions and biological insight into functions of particular transcription factors. Future work on this method will focus on increasing the accuracy and quality of predictions using feature reduction and clustering strategies. Since predictions have been made on only 104 TFs in yeast, new classifiers will be built for the remaining 100 factors which have available binding data

The spatial distribution of HO2in an atmospheric pressure plasma jet investigated by cavity ring-down spectroscopy

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets make important contributions to a range of fields, such as materials processing and plasma medicine. In order to optimise the effect of those plasma sources, a detailed understanding of the chemical reaction networks is pivotal. However, the small diameter of plasma jets makes diagnostics challenging. A promising approach to obtain absolute number densities is the utilisation of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy methods, by which line-of-sight averaged densities are determined. Here, we present first measurements on how the spatial distribution of HO2 in the effluent of a cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet can be obtained by cavity ring-down spectroscopy in an efficient way. Instead of recording fully wavelength resolved spectra, we will demonstrate that it is sufficient to measure the absorption coefficient at two wavelengths, corresponding to the laser being on and off the molecular resonance. By sampling the effluent from the 1.6 mm diameter nozzle in the radial direction at various axial positions, we determined that the distances over which the HO2 density was distributed were (3.9 ± 0.5) mm and (6.7 ± 0.1) mm at a distance of 2 mm and 10 mm below the nozzle of the plasma jet, respectively. We performed an Abel inversion in order to obtain the spatial distribution of HO2 that is presented along the symmetry axis of the effluent. Based on that localised density, which was (4.8 ± 0.6) ⋅ 1014 cm-3 at the maximum, we will discuss the importance of the plasma zone for the production of HO2