Long Term Evolution and its Handover Mechanism

LTE technology wascommercially introduced byTeliaSonera in Norway in December2009. The abbreviation of LTE is Long Term Evolution.It is the third generation partnership project(3GPP).It is also developed widely by international organization.LTE is developed to support both the time division duplex technology(TDD) as well as historical information. The Architecture of high level network technology LTE is obtained from the three main point’s 1.The user Equipment, 2.The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network(E_UTRAN)and 3rd is the (EPC)Evolved PacketCore.Handover mechanism is published to be used in 3GPP LTE in orderto reduce the complexity of LTE Network architecture.The Standards isdeveloped by3GPP and is specie in its release 8 document series, LTE is the natural upgrade path forbid GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA200 networks.A critical task for operators is to plain LTE network layer independently without losing the cooperation

GSM Technology: Architecture, Security and Future Challenges

GSM means Global System for mobile communication. GSM is generally utilized mobile correspondence framework on the planet. GSM framework was produced as an advanced framework utilizing time division multiple access (TDMA) method for correspondence reason. In this paper we have introduced a concise review of GSM system. GSM arrange otherwise called 2G network. The possibility of GSM was produced at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is generally utilized portable correspondence framework on the planet. GSM is an open and advanced cell innovation utilized for transmitting versatile voice and information service works at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands

A Survey of Fourth Generation Technologies in Cellular Networks

The improvement of broadband remote get to advances as of late was the consequence of developing interest for versatile Internet and remote interactive media applications. Portable correspondence assumes a most vital part in broadcast communications industry. Through a typical wide-territory radio-get to innovation and adaptable system design WiMAX and LTE has empowered meeting of versatile and settled broadband systems. SinceJanuary 2007, the IEEE 802.16 Working Group has been building up another alteration of the IEEE802.16 standard (i.e., IEEE 802.16m) as a propelled air interface to meet the prerequisites of ITU-R/IMT-progressed for 4G frameworks and in addition for the cutting edge portable system administrators. Next fourth era (4G) portable innovation, guarantees the full versatility with fast information rates and high-limit IP-based administrations and applications while keeping up full in reverse similarity. This paper gives the purposes behind the advancement of 4G, however 3G has not sent totally. And afterward gives the data on the structure of the handset for 4G took after by the tweak systems required for the 4G.Later this gives the information about the 4G handling. At long last closes with cutting edge sees for the speedy rise of this rising innovation

Social Health Protection in Pakistan Emerging Evidence and Way Forward: A Scoping Review

Social health protection (SHP) refers to government and non-governmental programs and policies that help individuals and families cope with and overcome impoverishing health expenditures1. Evidence suggests that establishing robust SHP systems is critical for achieving universal health coverage and protecting vulnerable populations from catastrophic healthcare costs

In-vitro and in-vivo assessment of the anti-diabetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory potenstials of metal-based carboxylates derivative

In the current research work, an amide based metal carboxylate chemical ([((5-((5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazol-3-ium-3-yl)methyl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)bis((4-((4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy)zinc]) was identified as anti-diabetic analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The identified chemical(MT-1) was tested for acute toxicity (the MT-1 was fund safe), antidiabetic analgesic, and anti-inflammatory potentials. The in-vitro study was conducted for antidiabetic enzyme inhibition (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and the in-vivo studies included analgesic (acetic acid-induced writing and hot plate model) and anti-inflammatory (carrageenan etc induced edema) effects. The tested compound showed 88.63% (IC50 = 3.23 μg/ml) and 89.10%(IC50 = 5.10 μg/ml) againstα-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. A significant (p < 0.001) analgesic effect was noted by MT-1 in acetic acid-induced animal models with a percent effect of 86.00, 60.,06, and 55.29 at the tested doses of 20, 1,0, and 5 mg/kg respectively. In the case of the hot plate model, the MT-1 showed a significant (p < 0.001) effect with maximum percent prolongation in latency observed after 60 min.08, 22.2,9, and 11.61) against 20, 1,0, and 5 mg/kg. The analgesic effect in the hot plate model was significantly (p < 0.01) reversed by the injection of naloxone (0.125 mg/kg). The paw edema induced by carrageenan, histamine, bradykinin, arachidonic acid, and PGE2 was significantly antagonized with percent attenuation of 34.09, 33.57, 34.60, 34.14, and 48.04 respectively. Furthermore, to predict the interactions between the MT-1 compound and COX-2 molecular docking was carried out and the result was compared with the standard compound. The docking score of MT-1 was predicted as −6.30 while that of Diclofenac was predicted as −6.82. Both compounds made several hydrogen bond interactions with the active site of the COX-2 enzyme. The docking study revealed the potent inhibitory potential of the compound MT-1 against the COX-2 receptor

Microsatellite Analysis Revealed Potential DNA Markers for Gestation Length and Sub-Population Diversity in Kari Sheep

Kari sheep inhabiting the Chitral district of Pakistan show variation in gestation length. In this study, we have analyzed the genetic differences between the three subtypes of Kari sheep (based on variation in gestation length) using microsatellite markers. Kari sheep samples were collected from their breeding tract and were characterized for gestation length and genetic diversity using microsatellite markers. A total of 78 Kari ewes were grouped into three categories based on gestation length (GL), i.e., Kari-S (with a shorter GL), Kari-M (with a medium GL), and Kari-L (with a longer GL). DNA from these samples was used to amplify 31 ovine-specific microsatellite loci through PCR. Of the total 78 Kari specimens, 24 were grouped in Kari-S (GL = 100.7 ± 1.8), 26 were from the Kari-M subtype (GL = 123.1 ± 1.0), and 28 were Kari-L (GL = 143.8 ± 1.5). Microsatellite analysis revealed an association of genotypes at two marker sites (MAF214 and ILSTS5) with variation in GL. A total of 158 alleles were detected across the 22 polymorphic loci with an average of 7.18 alleles per locus. Unique alleles were found in all three subtypes. The highest number of unique alleles was observed in Kari-L (15), followed by Kari-S (10) and Kari-M (8). The results indicated that Kari-S is a genetically distinct subtype (with higher genetic differentiation and distance) from Kari-M and Kari-L. The genetic uniqueness of Kari-S is important for further exploration of the genetic basis for shorter gestation length, and exploitation of their unique values

An application of ionic liquid for preparation of homogeneous collagen and alginate hydrogels for skin dressing

Ionic liquid due to its green nature as well as having the ability to dissolve biopolymer, was used in the preparation of collagen and alginate hydrogels. The collagen and alginate hydrogels were prepared in different ratios of collagen and alginate, labeled CA5040, CA6030 and CA7020. The prepared hydrogels were characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. The samples were evaluated for water uptake behavior and mechanical properties using electrodynamic fatigue testing system. The biocompatibility was assessed through hemolysis and MTT assay on rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSC) which showed satisfactory results. The drug loading and subsequent antibacterial properties were also performed. The prepared collagen and alginate hydrogels are suggested to be used for skin dressing

Effectiveness of locally produced ready-to-use supplementary foods on the prevention of stunting in children aged 6-23 months: A community-based trial from Pakistan

Undernutrition is a major public health problem in developing countries. Around 40·2 % of children are stunted in Pakistan. This longitudinal study aimed to assess the effectiveness of locally produced ready-to-use supplementary foods in the prevention of stunting by detecting change in of children in intervention v. control arm against the 2006 WHO growth reference. A community-based non-randomised cluster-controlled trial was conducted from January 2018 to December 2020 in the district of Kurram, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 80 clusters (each cluster comprising ≈ 250-300 households) were defined in the catchment population of twelve health facilities. Children aged 6-18 months were recruited n 1680. The intervention included a daily ration of 50 g - locally produced ready-to-use-supplementary food (Wawa-Mum). The main outcome of this study was a change in length for age z-score (LAZ) v. WHO growth standards. Comparison between the interventions was by t test and ANOVA. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between stunting occurrence and the utilisation of locally produced supplement. Out of the total 1680, fifty-one out of the total 1680, 51·1 out of the total 1680 and 51·1 % (n 859) were male. Mean age 13·9 months (sd + 859) were male. Mean age 13·9 months (sd + -4·4). At baseline, 36·9 % (n 618) were stunted. In the intervention group, mean LAZ score significantly increased from -1·13(2·2 sd) at baseline to -0·93(1·8 sd) at 6-month follow-up (P value 0·01) compared with the control group. The incidence rate of stunting in the intervention arm was 1·3 v. 3·4 per person year in the control arm. The control group had a significantly increased likelihood of stunting (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1·7, 95 % CI 1·46, 2·05, P value < 0·001) v. the intervention group. Locally produced ready-to-use supplementary food is an effective intervention for reducing stunting in children below 2 years of age. This can be provided as part of a malnutrition prevention package to overcome the alarming rates of stunting in Pakistan

Effectiveness of Locally Produced Ready to Use Supplementary Food on Hemoglobin, Anthropometrics, and Plasma Micronutrients concentrations levels of 6 to 23 months age children: A non-randomized community-based trial from Pakistan

Micronutrient deficiencies including vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc are highly prevalent in children below 5 years of age in low and –middle-income countries. A community-based non-randomized trial was conducted in the Kurram district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from January 2018 to June 2019 to evaluate the effectiveness of ready-to-use Lipid-based Nutrient Supplement—Medium Quantity (LNS-MQ) local name “Wawa-mum on plasma micronutrient status, hemoglobin concentration and anthropometric measurements, . A total of 110 children aged 6 to 23 months old were recruited and allocated to the intervention and control armof the study. A total of 57 childrenin the intervention arm received a daily ration of 50g of Wawa-mum ), for one year. To assess the impact of the intervention on primary outcome measures i.e. serum vitamin A, D concentration, plasma zinc, and hemoglobin concentration.Blood samples were collected at baseline and after one year following the intervention.The vitamins concentration in serum were assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and plasma zinc by atomic absorption spectrometry. The hemoglobin concentration was measured byan automated hematology analyzer. A 24-h dietary recall interview was used to assess the nutrient intake adequacy. Multivariate Linear regression models were used to analyze the outcomes while controlling for potential confounders. Results showed that in the intervention arm, children had on average 6.2 µg/dL(95% CI 3.0 - 9.3, p-value <0.001) increase in the serum vitamin A concentration , 8.1 ng/mL (95% CI 1.3 - 14.9 , p-value 0.02) increase in serum vitamin D concentration and 49.0 µg/dL (95% CI 33.5 - 64.5, p-value <0.001) increase in the plasma zinc concentration, and 2.7 g/dL (95% CI 2.0 - 3.3, p-value <0.001) increase in hemoglobin concentration while adjusted for covariates. An addition, stunting, wasting, and underweight were calculated to investigate the impact of micronutrients on growth parameters, that has been improved significantly after receiving Wawa-mum. . In conclusion, Wawa-mum (LNS-MQ) is an effective intervention to improve the micronutrient status, hemoglobin concentration, and growth parameters in 6 to 23 months children, which can be scaled up in the existing health system to address the alarming rates of under nutrition in Pakistan and other developing countries

Long-Term Impact of Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation on Micronutrient Status, Hemoglobin Level, and Growth in Children 24 to 59 Months of Age: A Non-Randomized Community-Based Trial from Pakistan

Cost-effective interventions are needed to address undernutrition, particularly micronutrient deficiencies, which are common in children under the age of five in low- and middle-income countries. A community-based, non-randomized clinical trial was undertaken in the Kurram district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from January 2018 to June 2019, to evaluate the effect of locally produced micronutrient powder (local name: Vita-Mixe) on plasma micronutrient status, hemoglobin level, and anthropometric outcomes. Children aged 24–48 months old were recruited and allocated to the intervention and control arm of the study. The enrolled children in the intervention arm received one micronutrient powder (MNP) sachet for consumption on alternate days for 12 months. To assess the impact of the intervention on plasma levels of zinc, vitamin D, vitamin A, and hemoglobin level, blood samples were taken at baseline and after one year following the intervention. The analysis was conducted using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), atomic absorption spectrometry, and an automated hematology analyzer. For the impact on growth parameters, the anthropometric assessment was performed using WHO standard guidelines. A 24 h dietary recall interview was used to assess the nutrient intake adequacy. Results showed that in the intervention arm, children had on average a 7.52 ng/mL (95% CI 5.11–9.92, p-value p-value p-value p-value p p p = 0.93). In conclusion, micronutrient powder supplementation is a cost-effective intervention to improve the micronutrient status, hemoglobin level, and growth parameters in under-five children, which can be scaled up in the existing health system to address the alarming rates of undernutrition in Pakistan and other developing countries