Evaluation of the Uses of Social Media in Libraries Operation in University Libraries in Benue State

This paper examines evaluation of the uses of social Medias in libraries operation in University libraries in Benue State. The paper uses the descriptive survey research design to gather data collected. The targeted population for this study will consist of all registered users of University of Agriculture Makurdi library, Benue State University Library and University of Mkar, Mkar. The population of the registered students in Benue State University library is estimated at ten thousand (10,000) including undergraduates and postgraduate’s students. A sample size is limited number of elements selected from population which is a representative of that population. Random sampling technique will be used to draw 100 Librarians and 150 students from the population making a total number of 250. Finding of the paper shows the percentage response on use of social media by the librarians in the university libraries in Benue state. Five (5) question items were presented to the respondents, 55% said yes and 45% said no to the question item of having constant internet facilities in the libraries. 30% of the respondent say yes to availability of social media site in their libraries while 70% respond no. on the use of social media site of the libraries 40% said yes while 60% respond no meaning most of the librarians do not use the social site of their libraries. Furthermore, 30% of the respondent find the library social media site very interesting while 70% of the respondents say no. in area of the effectiveness of the social media 30% said yes while 70% said no. It was observed that there is low usage of social media by the librarians in Benue state libraries and most library users hardly use the libraries social media site if there is any. The paper made recommendations such as University management must design time and opportunities for the use of social media activities into their course syllabi, Both instructors and students must be open to learning and using new social media class- room approaches that extend and enhance instructor-student interactions, Class size needs to be limited to a reasonable number that will enhance effective use of social media and University management must be prepared to allocate more time to supporting courses with social media components

HERDSMEN/FARMERS CRISES IN NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF LIBRARIANS IN RESOLVING CRISES

The violent crises between Fulani herdsmen and sedentary farmers in Nigeria do not constitute an alien phenomenon in Nigeria; it is a phenomenon that has been in existence for decades which have resulted in the extensive loss of lives and property. The constant crises have threatened the security of the State, reduced its economic productivity, and deepened food crisis in Nigeria. While there have been several clashes between the Fulani herdsmen and the farming communities for more than two decades, the escalation reached another level in 2014 with the Fulani herdsmen killing 1,229 people in comparison with 63 deaths in 2013. With more than 500 deaths by July 2016 and January 2018 more than 73 persons were given mass burial in Benue State alone. The crises have been commonly credited to Fulani herdsmen expanding from the traditional grazing routes into the agricultural land which in turn always results into crises over access to pasture. The escalation of the crisis has made many Nigerians and international observers including the United States to consider Fulani herdsmen as the second most dangerous group in Nigeria after Boko-Haram group. Therefore, there is a need for the critical assessment of the underlying factors responsible for the escalation of crises between the Fulani herdsmen and farmers to untangle the various important but crises narratives that have been used in explaining the reason behind the recent escalation of the crises. The paper seeks to explore ways of resolving crises through information dissemination by librarians. The paper finally recommended that government should adopt the modern way of cattle rearing which is ranching

Drugs prescription pattern in dogs diagnosed with parvovirus enteritis in some veterinary clinics in Nigeria

Canine parvovirus enteritis affects predominantly puppies with a high prevalence rate in Nigeria and is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia and leucopenia. Treatment is non-specific; hence array of medications are usually prescribed to manage the condition symptomatically. Irrational drugs prescription has been reported to be one of the causes of therapeutic failures and adverse drug reactions in veterinary medicine. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the pattern of drugs prescription in dogs diagnosed with parvovirus enteritis in some small animal clinics in Nigeria. The study was carried out in 10 states of Nigeria and Abuja. A retrospective study of drugs prescription pattern in dogs diagnosed with CPE, including polypharmacy, prescription rates, and dose regimen of gentamicin in 20 veterinary clinics were conducted from January, 2010 to December, 2014. Results showed that 554 (80.6%) of 687 patients were administered ≥4 drugs per encounter. Of the 2,482 drugs prescribed at the different clinics, antibiotics had the highest prescription rate of 42.3% (1,050). Gentamicin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic which accounted for 23.8% (250) prescription rate. However, 57.2% (143) of the patients were under-dosed (<6mg/kg). Also, non-essential prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal modulating drugs, including ranitidine were observed. This study has demonstrated that most drug prescriptions for dogs with parvovirus enteritis in Nigeria are inappropriate. This could have contributed to poor therapeutic outcomes common in parvovirus enteritis management. Consequently, Veterinarians should be rational in drugs prescription in order to optimize therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse drug effects.Keywords: Parvovirus enteritis, Prescription pattern, Gentamicin, Dog, Nigeri

Порівняння гематологічних та біохімічних показників собак при застосуванні вакцини (DHLPPi) та водного екстракту насіння Abrus precatori

Because of increasing incidence of resistance to infectious microorganisms, immunotherapy has been considered as an alternative/complementary to chemotherapy. More so Abrus precatorius leaf extract has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects in animals. In view of this, comparative haematology and biochemistry of cocktail vaccine (DHLPPi) and Abrus precatorius seed extract (APSE) was studied in rats. Sixteen (16) Nigerian local dogs of both sexes weighing 7.19 ± 0.46 kg, aged 15.44 ± 0.76 weeks old were divided into four groups of 4 each. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was administered 1 ml of normal saline (0.9%), APSE (2.72 mg/Kg), APSE (2.72 mg/Kg)+DHLPPi (1 ml) and DHLPPi (1 ml) respectively. Fourteen days after administration of the extract and vaccine, 3 ml of blood sample was collected from each of the dogs for haematology and serum biochemistry. The findings revealed significantly (P < 0.05)decreased packed cell volume, haemoglobin, erythrocytes, neutrophils, leucocytes, platelets and increased monocytes, decreased total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the group administered extract and extract/vaccine. Hence, the extract and extract/DHLPPi vaccine can be used in prevention chronic viral infection of dogs.З давніх часів лікарські рослини використовувалися при лікуванні та за для контроля захворювань людини та тварин. Деякі рослини впливають на гематологічні та біохімічні показники сироватки крові. Також існують відомості що деякі сучасні противірусні препарати є неспецифічними для конкретних вірусів. Тому розробка нових економічно ефективних і специфічних противірусних схем є досить актуальним а також першочерговим завданням сучасних досліджень. Через зростання випадків стійкості до інфекційних мікроорганізмів, імунотерапія розглядається як альтернатива хіміотерапії. Більш того, екстракт листя Abrus precatori, як повідомляється, має імуномодулюючу дію у тварин. З огляду на це, нами були проведені дослідження на щурах по визначенню проведенню порівняльної гематологічної та біохімічної оцінки сироватки крові після застосування асоційованої вакцини (DHLPPi) та екстракту з насіння Abrus precatori (APSE). Також для дослідів використовували шістнадцять (16) нігерійських місцевих собак обох статей вагою 7,19 ± 0,46 кг, віком 15,44 ± 0,76 тижнів. Тварин було розділено на чотири групи по 4 у кожній. Групам 1, 2, 3 і 4 вводили відповідно 1мл фізіологічного розчину (0,9%), APSE (2,72 мг/кг), APSE (2,72 мг/кг) + DHLPPi (1 мл) та DHLPPi (1 мл) відповідно. Через чотирнадцять днів після введення екстракту та вакцини від кожної собаки відбирали 3 мл крові для дослідження гематологічних та біохімічних показників сироватки крові. В результаті проведених досліджень встановили що застосування вакцини та  екстракту має високу єфективність у профілактиці вірусних захворювань собак. В дослідних группах де проводили комплексне застосування екстракту разом з DHLPPi єфективність профілактики вірусних захворювань набагато вище

Comparison of pathological changes in the study of dogs affected by parvoviral enteritis and intestinal yersiniosis

Aim of the study: to examine the pathological changes in dogs that died due to confirmed intestinal yersiniosis and parvoviral enteritis and establish trends for characteristic organ lesions for both diseases in comparison, then evaluate our findings with the existing published material of sufficient evidence quality regarding differential postmortem diagnosis of spontaneous intestinal yersiniosis and parvoviral enteritis in dogs. Materials and methods: the study examined the cases of 25 dogs from 2 month to 1.3 y.o. of various breed, gender that died due to either confirmed Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPV) infection or intestinal yersiniosis and subsequently divided into two groups based on their diagnosis. The definitive diagnosis has been confirmed by performing rapid ELISA diagnostics (SensPERT®, VetAll Laboratories, Kyunggi-Do, Korea) for CPV and serological tests for Y. enterocolitica sera AT were performed using yersiniosis antigens from the "Component set for serological diagnosis of animal yersiniosis" (Kharkiv, NSC IEKVM, TS 46.15.091-95) in accordance with the "Interim guidelines for the use of a set of components for serological diagnostics". A dilution of 1: 200 has been considered as the diagnostic titer. After the definitive diagnosis had been confirmed, the animals were divided into two groups, depending on diagnosis: CPV (n=14) or IY (n=11). The autopsies of twenty randomly (10 from each group) selected dog corpses have been conducted utilizing standard methodology. Results: according to the results of autopsy of dogs afflicted by CPV, the main pathological changes were found in the small intestine – catarrhal-desquamative inflammation (in 100 % of cases), serous-hemorrhagic mesenteric lymphadenitis (90 %) large intestine (70 %) in the stomach (60 %), in the liver (50 %), in other organs – less than 40 percent of cases and most notably caused lung damage (edema and local atelectasis) in 90 % of the animals in the study, which was not the case for intestinal yersiniosis with only 20 % incidence of lung damage. Conclusions: Spontaneous intestinal yersiniosis in dogs was pathologically manifested by pronounced catarrhal-desquamative processes mainly in the stomach and small intestine (70, 100 and 80 % of cases, respectively), inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes (90 %) and large intestine (80 %), dystrophy and congestive processes in the liver (80 %). Low incidence and type of lung damage (congestive hyperemia in 20 % of reviewed cases compared to 90 % of local atelectasis add edema in CPV group) was noteworthy. Cases of 25 animals that died due to either confirmed CPV or Y. enterocolitica infection were analyzed, and 20 animal corpses were autopsied during study. Dogs that died from intestinal yersiniosis had significantly higher frequency of pathological findings in kidney (200 %) and liver (60 %) in particular. Changes in stomach and large intestine were also more frequent. At the same time, we observed a lower frequency of pathological changes in spleen (33 % lower), heart (25 % lower) and the lowest frequency was in lungs (77 % lower) presented by edema and local atelectasis in animals afflicted by yersiniosis compared to CPV. Incidence and manifestation of pathological findings was mesenteric lymph nodes and abdominal cavity were similar, and could not be considered during posthumous diagnostics