The effect of combined therapy with resveratrol, and continuous and interval exercises on levels of apoptotic biomarkers in heart tissue of male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of therapy with resveratrol supplementation alone or in combination with exercise trainings on cardiomyocytes apoptosis in a heart tissue of rats with NAFLD. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a total of 56 male Wistar rats were divided into control and seven experimental NAFLD groups including, patient, saline, resveratrol (RSV), continuous exercise, interval exercise, continuous exercise+RSV, and interval exercise+RSV. Apoptosis biomarkers, including Bax and Bcl2 levels, were measured in the heart of all groups using specific ELISA kits. Results: The Bax levels in the heart tissue of the patient and saline groups were 29.95±5.83 and 28.37±5.83 ng/mg/protein, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.0001), while the Bcl2 concentration was significantly decreased (P<0.0001). The mean ratios of Bax/Bcl2 in the patient (23.02±7.65) and saline (20.43±5.29) groups were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.001). Resveratrol supplementation alone or in combination with exercise trainings significantly decreased the cardiac Bax content, but significantly increased the cardiac Bcl2 level (P<0.001). Conclusion: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with increased apoptotic biomarkers in heart cells. Although resveratrol alone has an anti-apoptotic properties, combined therapy with interval and continuous trainings can be more effective

Effect of High Intensity Interval Training with Curcumin on Gene Expression of Bax, Bcl- 2, and Caspase- 3 in Aged Female Rat Hepatocytes

Introduction: Apoptosis is a type of cell death that is essential for homeostasis. Findings on the impact of physical activity on apoptosis are contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training with curcumin on gene expression of Bax, Bcl- 2, and Caspase- 3 in aged female rat hepatocytes. Methods: In this experimental study, 35 aged female, postmenopausal Wistar rats (2-year-old), were randomly assigned to five groups including control, curcumin, high intensity interval training (HIIT), curcumin with HIIT and sham. Curcumin was given at 30 mg/kg by gavage in experimental groups 3 days a week. The HIIT protocol consisted of three sessions of high intensity treadmill training per week for 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session and gavage, the Bax, Bcl- 2, and Caspase-3 genes expression were measured in the hepatocytes. Results: The expression of Bax (P = 0.0003) and Caspase- 3 (P = 0.0006) genes increased significantly due to HIIT, while curcumin reduced this increase (P≤0.05). Bcl- 2 gene decreased due to HIIT (P = 0.001), and Curcumin with HIIT increased Bcl- 2 (P≤0.05). Conclusion: HIIT and curcumin had an antagonistic effect on expression of apoptosis-regulating genes in hepatocytes

Effects of resveratrol, exercises and their combination on Farnesoid X receptor, Liver X receptor and Sirtuin 1 gene expression and apoptosis in the liver of elderly rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder. This study aims to consider effects of resveratrol, exercise and their combination on Farnesoid X receptor (Fxr), the liver X receptor (Lxr) and Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) genes expression in the liver of elderly rats with NAFLD. Methods Rats with NAFLD were randomly divided into seven groups including patient, saline, resveratrol (RSV), interval exercise, continuous exercise, interval exercise + RSV and continuous exercise + RSV. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the liver tissue were measured using specific ELISA kits. A TUNEL assay kit was used for the assessment of hepatic cells apoptosis. Lipid profiles were considered by measuring the serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL. Expression of Sirt1, Lxr and Fxr genes was considered using RT-PCR. Results Resveratrol administration alone or combined with exercise training significantly improved the expression of Sirt1, Lxr and Fxr genes (p < 0.05) in the hepatic tissue of rats with NAFLD, while levels of AST, ALT, ALP enzymes, as well as apoptotic cells were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Discussion Although resveratrol alone improves the expression of Sirt1, Lxr and Fxr, as well as liver function, combined therapy with exercise training is more effective to improve NAFLD

Responses of salivary cortisol and α-amylase to official competition

This study was designed to determine the relationship between salivary cortisol, α-amylase and total protein response in the official football players during the course of a game. Nine young amateur football players agreed to participate in the study. Saliva samples were collected from each player 30 min and 5 min before the start of the competition, at half time, and then again 5 and 30 min after the end of competition. A significant increase in cortisol (p=0.04) in response to playing the competition was observed including a significantly higher concentration 30 min after match as compared to half time (p=0.016). In contrast, changes in salivary α-amylase changes were irregular, but there was significant decline 5 min after end of match as compared to the 5 min before the beginning of match (p<0.019). No significant difference in total protein concentration was observed. Though salivary cortisol, α-amylase and total protein changes were observed concomitantly, but there no significant relationship between them. We conclude that participation in competition has an accumulative effect on salivary cortisol concentration, but this was not related changes in salivary α-amylase

Impact of the Synchronization of portulaca oleracea and Aerobic Training on Levels of MMP2 and MMP9 and TIMP1 in Diabetic Women Type II

Background: Diabetes has the most important role in development of tissue damage, and by affecting intercellular matrices, may lead to structural and functional changes that ultimately cause failure of related tissue or organ. Exercise and herbal medicine can be effective in reducing organ failure. This study aims to assess the effect of aerobic training combined with consumption of portulaca oleracea supplements on Metalloproteinase Matrix 2 (MMP2), Metalloproteinase Matrix 9 (MMP9), and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase Matrix (TIMP1) in diabetic women type II. Materials and Methods: 28 women with type II diabetes and average age of 51 years were divided into 4 groups of control (CG), exercise (EG), exercise-supplement (E-SG), and supplement (SG). A course of exercise was designed to cover 60-minute, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks, with 50-70% maximum heart rate intensity. A 7.5 grams daily supplement of portulaca oleracea was administered, consisting of 2.5 grams with luncheon and 5 grams at dinner. Blood samples were taken before and after 8 weeks of intake of supplement and exercise following 48 hours of non-consumption of supplement and 12 hours of fasting. Data were analyzed using variance analysis model. Results: After 8 weeks, MMP2, MMP9 levels significantly reduced in all groups (P<0.05). But the difference between groups was insignificant. TIMP1 level significantly increased in all groups but control, and there was a significant difference in TIMP1 level between control and supplement groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, aerobic training together with purslane seed intake, did not positively affect matrix metalloproteinase, but its inhibitors were effective. Thus, further study is required for more accurate results

Effect of two aerobic exercise on levels of apelin and its receptor in the old rats heart tissue with chronic kidney disease

Background and aim: Chronic kidney disease as an important risk factor associated with some disorders including hypertension and heart failure which is the major cause of death and disability in older people. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of two types aerobic exercise on levels of apelin and its receptor in the old rats heart tissue with chronic kidney disease Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, 28 aged male wistar rats )48 to 50 weeks) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: control, doxorubicin, doxorubicin-30minutes training and doxorubicin-60 minutes training. Chronic kidney disease induced by a single subcutaneous injection of doxorubicin (8.5 mg kg). The swimming training program includes 3 times per week, 30 and 60 minutes for 8 weeks. The levels of apelin and its receptor in heart tissue measured by using ELISA method. one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data)

The Combined Effect of Regular Aerobic Exercise with Garlic Extract on Renal Apoptosis Regulatory Factors in Aged rats with Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Background: Chronic kidney disease as an important risk factor is associated with some disorders which are key causes of death and disability in older people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the combined effect of regular aerobic exercise with garlic extract on renal apoptosis regulatory factors in aged rats with chronic kidney disease. Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 42 aged male Wistar rats(48-52 weeks) were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups: control, doxorubicin, doxorubicin-salin, doxorubicin- garlic, doxorubicin - exercise, doxorubicin –garlic-exercise(combined). Chronic kidney disease was induced by a single subcutaneous injection 8.5 mg/kg of doxorubicin. Swimming training was programmed 3 days /week, 30 min/day for 8 weeks. Both the doxorubicin garlic and combined groups with garlic extract were administered by garlic gavage at a dose of 2.5 g/kg. The renal Bax and Bcl-2 levels were evaluated by ELIZA method. A one-way analysis of variance was used to data analysis (p<0.05). Results: The results showed that induced chronic kidney disease was associated with a significant increase on Bax and a decrease on Bcl-2 in aged rats. Also, 8 weeks swimming training, garlic supplementation and the combined intervention significantly reversed these changes. Furthermore, no significant difference have been observed in the effect of these interventions on Bax and Bcl-2 in aged rats with chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: It seems that the use of non-pharmacological treatment methods such as exercise training, garlic extract supplement, and combination of the both interventions may be effective in reducing apoptosis resulted from chronic kidney disease in aged rats

Evaluation of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostaglandin E2 Expression in Endometrial Tissue Following 8 Weeks of Swimming Exercise and Omega-3 Intake

Background and objectives: Endometriosis is a chronic disease that affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of swimming exercise and omega-3 supplementation on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) genes and serum levels of reproductive hormones in the endometrial tissue of a rat model of endometriosis. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of healthy-control, patient-control, patient+exercise, patient+omega-3, and patient+omega-3+exercise groups. After the induction of endometriosis, the rats were subjected to 8 weeks of swimming exercise, 5 days a week as well as 2 ml/kg/body weight of omega-3. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of 0.05. Results: The expression of COX-2 and PGE2 as well as serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol levels were significantly higher in the patient group compared with the healthy-control group (p≤0.0001). Exercise and omega-3 supplementation either separately or combined could significantly reduce the expression of both genes and serum levels of LH, FSH, and estradiol (p<0.05). This effect was more profound in the patient+exercise+omega-3 group. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that regulating the expression of COX-2 and PGE2 genes as well as serum levels of reproductive hormones through swimming exercise and omega-3 supplementation can improve endometriosis