Gastrosquise no Brasil em um Contexto Global

Introduction: global disparity in outcomes of gastroschisis is visible. Survival rates in high-income countries have improved since 1960, and are currently around 100%, due to progress in pediatric surgery and neonatal intensive care. However, in low- and middle-income countries mortality rates can reach all cases. Objective: this study aims to map the existing literature on gastroschisis in Brazil within a global context. Methods: scoping Review. PubMed, Scielo Brazil, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) and Google Scholar, were searched from January 2000 to May 2020. Results: eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The consolidated data of 912 patients were: Mean maternal age of 20.7 years, antenatal diagnosis rate of 80.2%, cesarean section rate of 77.7%. Mean of hospital stay of 40.8 days. Mean mortality rate of 25.3 %. Risk factors associated with death were: prematurity, low birth weight, low APGAR score, reinterventions, sepsis, birth-to-surgery interval greater than 4 hours, fewer prenatal visits, delayed prenatal diagnosis. Conclusion: studies on gastroschisis in Brazil were scarce, most of carried out in southeast of country. This study suggests that there are regional contrasts on gastroschisis outcomes in Brazil. The worst results are in regions with low economic resources, a similar situation found in international literature. This review should be validated with future studies to investigate the situation of pregnant women with fetuses with gastroschisis, especially in low-resource regions, in Brazil.Introdução: a disparidade global nos resultados da gastrosquise é visível. Taxas de sobrevivência em países de alta renda melhoraram desde 1960 e atualmente estão em torno de 100%, devido ao progresso da cirurgia pediátrica e da terapia intensiva neonatal. No entanto, em países de media e baixa renda, as taxas de mortalidade continual elevadas. Objetivo: este estudo tem como objetivo mapear a literatura existente sobre gastrosquise no Brasil e discutir as evidências disponíveis em um contexto global. Método: revisão de escopo. Foram pesquisados o PubMed, o Scielo Brasil, a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e o Google Scholar no período de janeiro de 2000 a maio de 2020. Resultados: oito estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão e os dados encontrados de 912 pacientes foram: idade materna média de 20.7 anos, média do diagnóstico antenatal de 80.2%, taxa média de cesarianas de 77.7%, tempo de permanência hospitalar médio de 40.8 dias e taxa média de mortalidade 25.3%. Os fatores de risco associados ao óbito encontrados foram a prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer, APGAR baixo, reintervenções cirúrgicas, sepse, intervalo nascimento-cirurgia maior que 4 horas, poucas consultas do pré-natal e diagnóstico antenatal tardio. Conclusão: estudos sobre gastrosquise no Brasil são escassos, a maioria realizada no Sudeste do país. Os piores desfechos estão em regiões com poucos recursos econômicos, situação semelhante à encontrada na literatura internacional. Esta revisão deve ser validada com estudos futuros que investiguem a situação de gestantes portadoras de fetos com gastrosquise, especialmente em regiões de poucos recursos, no Brasil

Cateterismo venoso periférico: compreensão e avaliação das práticas de enfermagem

Objective: to understand the nursing practices related to peripheral venipuncture and to analyze the incidence of complications in patients with venous catheters. Method: mixed design, involving: case study, sectional study, cohort study and focus group. The sample consisted of nurses and patients from a medical clinic in Portugal. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were performed. Results: stressors capable of influencing nursing practices were identified, including: the decisions of the medical team, the age and characteristics of the venous network of the patient, the availability of other catheters in the institution, the low level of knowledge of nurses regarding the care of patients in the insertion, maintenance and removal of the peripherally inserted central venous catheter. The following complications and their respective incidences were documented in patients with peripheral venous catheters: phlebitis (22.2%), obstruction (27.7%), fluid exiting through insertion site (36.1%), infiltration (38.8%) and accidental catheter removal (47.2%). Catheter obstruction with an incidence of 22.2% was only observed in those who used the peripherally inserted central venous catheter. The following benefits were observed with the use of the peripherally inserted central venous catheter: safe administration of drugs; pain reduction, number of venous punctures and complications. Conclusions: the peripherally inserted central venous catheter is presented as a valid and viable alternative that can improve the quality of nursing care and the safety and well-being of patients.Objetivo: compreender as práticas de enfermagem relacionadas com o cateterismo venoso periférico e analisar a incidência de complicações durante a permanência do cateter venoso no paciente. Método: delineamento misto, envolvendo: estudo de caso, estudo seccional, estudo de coorte e grupo focal. A amostra foi constituída por enfermeiros e pacientes de um serviço de clínica médica de Portugal. Efetuada análise temática e estatística descritiva. Resultados: identificou-se estressores capazes de influenciar as práticas de enfermagem, sendo eles: as decisões da equipe médica, a idade e as características da rede venosa do paciente, a disponibilização de outros cateteres pela instituição e o baixo nível de conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre os cuidados aos pacientes na inserção, manutenção e remoção do cateter venoso central de inserção periférica. Nos pacientes portadores de cateter venoso periférico, documentou-se as seguintes complicações e suas respectivas incidências: flebite (22,2%), obstrução (27,7%), saída de fluido pela inserção (36,1%), infiltração (38,8%) e remoção acidental do cateter (47,2%). Naqueles que usaram o cateter venoso central de inserção periférica, identificou-se apenas a obstrução desse cateter, com incidência de 22,2%. Verificou-se os seguintes benefícios com a utilização do cateter venoso central de inserção periférica: administração segura de medicamentos e redução da dor, do número de punções venosas e de complicações. Conclusão: o cateter venoso central de inserção periférica apresenta-se como alternativa válida e viável para melhorar a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem, a segurança e o bem-estar dos pacientes

U-PB AND LU-HF IN ZIRCON DECIPHERING MAGMATIC PULSES OF THE JUÍNA KIMBERLITE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF THE AMAZONIAN CRATON

This work aims to analyze U-Pb and Lu-Hf ages in zircons formed together with diamonds from the kimberlite province of Juína, in Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Fourteen megacryst (2-3 cm) of zircon were imaged by cathodoluminescence to evaluate the internal structure of the zircon grains and zoning features related to structures of reactions and resorption indicative of magma mixture during evolution. According to the taken images, most of the investigated crystals have a non-metamict structure, with rare fractures, inclusions, and overgrowths, which generates a small degree of heterogeneity. Analyses by Laser Ablation- Multi-Collector- Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) were performed to determine grain ages. Concordia diagrams indicate ages ranging from 99.8 ± 1.6 Ma to 89.5 ± 5.6 Ma with two clusters indicating different magmatic pulses. The analyzed zircons displayed total concentrations of U and Th ranging from 108 to 673 mg kg-1 and 26 to 194 mg kg-1, respectively, and U/Th values varying between 4 and 0.3. The concentrations of U and Pb suggest the occurrence of magmas with two distinct signature components. One hundred and twenty Lu-Hf isotopic results obtained by LA-MC-ICP-MS indicate homogeneity in the isotopic composition, with εHf values ranging from +2.2 to -1.9, and depleted mantle model ages (TDM) between 1.45 Ga and 2.55 Ga. The results suggest that the kimberlite magma derives from a mantle source enriched with an Hf isotopic signature equivalent to the chondritic unfractionated reservoir (CHUR)

Ações de alimentação e nutrição para o enfrentamento das Doenças Não Transmissíveis na perspectiva da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil: uma revisão de escopo

Introduction: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) are considered a major public health problem, which makes it essential to develop interventions for promotion, prevention and treatment. Objective: To synthesize and evaluate the evidence on food and nutrition actions for coping with NCDs in adults and the elderly from the perspective of PHC in Brazil. Methods: This is a literature scoping review, guided by JBI guidelines and following the steps of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Extended Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews. The search took place in 5 electronic databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Central Cochrane Library and LILACS, and the gray literature, including the official government websites and the SUS Food and Nutrition Network. Results: A total of 1844 articles were identified and only 42 articles met the eligibility criteria of the proposed methodology. It was identified that, among the available scientific evidence, food and nutrition actions in PHC are concentrated in education strategies and guidance on healthy habits for the treatment of NCD based on Public Nutrition Policies and Guidelines, mostly designated by a population composed of adults and a small proportion of elderly people. Conclusion: there is a need for more studies published on food and nutrition actions in PHC, as the available scientific evidence does not correspond to 50% of the Brazilian states, being insufficient to positively impact the country’s nutritional situation. In addition, more research with a preventive approach to NCDs is essential, since PHC is characterized by a set of health-related actions that have as their main focus the promotion and protection of health.Introdução: as Doenças Não Transmissíveis (DNT) são consideradas um grande problema de saúde pública, o que torna fundamental o desenvolvimento de intervenções de promoção, prevenção e tratamento. Objetivo: sintetizar e avaliar as evidências sobre as ações de alimentação e nutrição para o enfrentamento das DNT em adultos e idosos na perspectiva da APS no Brasil. Método: trata-se de uma revisão de escopo da literatura, guiada pelas diretrizes do JBI e seguida as etapas de Itens de Relatórios Preferenciais para Revisões Sistemáticas e Extensão de Meta-Análises para Revisões de Escopo. A busca ocorreu em 5 bases de dados eletrônicas: MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Central Cochrane Library e LILACS, e a literatura cinza, contemplando os sítios eletrônicos oficiais do governo e a Rede de Alimentação e Nutrição do SUS. Resultados: foram identificados um total de 1844 artigos e apenas 42 artigos se enquadraram nos critérios de elegibilidade da metodologia proposta. Foi identificado que entre as evidências científicas disponibilizadas, as ações de alimentação e nutrição na APS, encontram-se concentradas em estratégias de educação e orientação de hábitos saudáveis para tratamento de DNT baseados em Políticas e Diretrizes Públicas de Nutrição designadas em sua maioria por uma população composta de adultos e uma parte reduzida de idosos. Conclusão: há necessidade de mais estudos publicados sobre ações de alimentação e nutrição na APS, pois as evidências científicas disponíveis não correspondem a 50% dos estados brasileiros, sendo insuficientes para impactar positivamente a situação nutricional do país. Além disso, mais pesquisas com abordagem preventiva às DNT são essenciais, uma vez que a APS caracteriza-se por um conjunto de ações relacionadas à saúde que têm como foco principal a promoção e proteção da saúde

Combined fit to the spectrum and composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory including magnetic horizon effects

The measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays can be interpreted assuming the presence of two extragalactic source populations, one dominating the flux at energies above a few EeV and the other below. To fit the data ignoring magnetic field effects, the high-energy population needs to accelerate a mixture of nuclei with very hard spectra, at odds with the approximate E$^{-2}$ shape expected from diffusive shock acceleration. The presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields in the region between the closest sources and the Earth can significantly modify the observed CR spectrum with respect to that emitted by the sources, reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles that reach the Earth. We here take into account this magnetic horizon effect in the combined fit of the spectrum and shower depth distributions, exploring the possibility that a spectrum for the high-energy population sources with a shape closer to E$^{-2}$ be able to explain the observations

Extraction of the Muon Signals Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory Using Recurrent Neural Networks

We present a method based on the use of Recurrent Neural Networks to extract the muon component from the time traces registered with water-Cherenkov detector (WCD) stations of the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The design of the WCDs does not allow to separate the contribution of muons to the time traces obtained from the WCDs from those of photons, electrons and positrons for all events. Separating the muon and electromagnetic components is crucial for the determination of the nature of the primary cosmic rays and properties of the hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies. We trained a neural network to extract the muon and the electromagnetic components from the WCD traces using a large set of simulated air showers, with around 450 000 simulated events. For training and evaluating the performance of the neural network, simulated events with energies between 1018.5, eV and 1020 eV and zenith angles below 60 degrees were used. We also study the performance of this method on experimental data of the Pierre Auger Observatory and show that our predicted muon lateral distributions agree with the parameterizations obtained by the AGASA collaboration