Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodomorpha: Psychodidae) deposited in the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo

The subfamily Phlebotominae is represented by insects commonly known as sand flies widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with the Neotropical region having the greatest diversity. Only New Zealand or the Pacific Islands, excepting New Caledonia, do not present records. One means of access to the more than 1,060 described species is through the specimens deposited in biological collections, and the availability of associated data on online platforms for consultation on the part of students and researchers. This being the case, this study aimed catalogue the sand flies deposited in the Invertebrate Collection of the MZUSP (University of São Paulo Museum of Zoology). Twenty-nine species designated as type material were found being of nine holotypes, one “allotype” and 90 paratypes described from five countries in the Americas: Panama, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, and Brazil. In addition to these, 1,346 non-type specimens, from 12 Brazilian states, are deposited in the collection and have been included here in list form. The MZUSP sand fly collection currently houses specimens from 152 species, which represents 28% (546) of the Phlebotominae fauna of the Americas

Viabilidade econômica da criação de abelhas na Comunidade Maguari - Floresta Nacional do Tapajós

A criação de abelha (apiário e meliponário) tem potencial de complementar a renda de pequenos e médios produtores rurais e de colaborar com a conservação das abelhas e com a polinização das plantas. É uma atividade que requer baixo investimento inicial e pode ser instalada em pequenos espaços dentro da propriedade do empreendedor. Avaliamos a viabilidade econômica de uma criação de abelhas localizada na comunidade do Maguari, na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, utilizando questionário semiestruturado aplicado a um produtor rural, abrangendo dados de implantação e manutenção, custos de transporte do produto, mão de obra e comercialização, além da produtividade do mel. Estimaram-se especificamente o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) do empreendimento. O investimento registrou VPL de R$R$ 690,72, indicando viabilidade econômica do empreendimento considerando taxa de desconto de 7 % a.a. A TIR obtida ficou de 33%, o que reafirma a relativa robustez da atividade para enfrentar as oscilações de taxas de juros da economia. O empreendimento é economicamente viável, sendo uma alternativa aos criadores de abelhas para ampliar sua renda familiar, assim como a atividade pode ser aumentada, desde que as práticas de manejo sejam adequadas visando a racionalização dos recursos naturais, maior retorno financeiro e à conservação da fauna e da flora

QUALIDADE DAS ÁGUAS DAS BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS DA CIDADE DE SALVADOR E DO MUNICÍPIO DE LAURO DE FREITAS, BAHIA

Os rios urbanos são parte de um complexo sistema, um espelho socioambiental das cidades. Os impactos causados à qualidade ambiental das águas dos rios urbanos impedem que os mesmos desempenhem suas funções ambientais, sociais, culturais e religiosas. As influências humanas na qualidade e no funcionamento adequado/natural dos sistemas hídricos, em prol do desenvolvimento urbano, despontam como as grandes responsáveis pelas condições atuais de suas águas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o estado geral da qualidade das águas das Bacias Hidrográficas das cidades de Salvador e Lauro de Freitas, no estado da BA, a partir de duas abordagens complementares: o uso do Índice de Qualidade das Águas da National Sanitation Foundation e o Índice de Estado Trófico. Para a avaliação, foram selecionados ao menos três pontos em cada um dos principais rios de cada bacia, resultando num total de 47 pontos. Os pontos escolhidos estão dispostos da seguinte forma: um próximo à nascente, um próximo à foz e os demais, a meio curso. Esse delineamento permite realizar o acompanhamento da qualidade ao longo do rio. Os resultados do Índice da Qualidade da Água (IQA) e do Índice de Estado Trófico (IET) apresentaram cenários distintos para as Bacias Hidrográficas analisadas. Foi possível diagnosticar a perda progressiva da qualidade das águas da nascente para a foz em razão do aporte de efluentes domésticos oriundos das regiões mais densamente habitadas. Neste sentido, 70% dos mananciais foram diagnosticados para a qualidade ambiental como Ruim ou Péssimo, de acordo com o IQA. Quanto ao IET, todos os pontos apresentaram algum nível de eutrofização, mesmo aqueles que apresentaram boa qualidade. A maior parte, quase 50% dos trechos avaliados, apresentou eutrofização num estágio avançado (supereutrófico e/ou hipereutrófico), comprometendo assim seus usos múltiplos

Social distancing measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic: potential impacts and challenges in Brazil.

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged researchers and policy makers to identify public safety measures forpreventing the collapse of healthcare systems and reducingdeaths. This narrative review summarizes the available evidence on the impact of social distancing measures on the epidemic and discusses the implementation of these measures in Brazil. Articles on the effect of social distancing on COVID-19 were selected from the PubMed, medRXiv and bioRvix databases. Federal and state legislation was analyzed to summarize the strategies implemented in Brazil. Social distancing measures adopted by the population appear effective, particularly when implemented in conjunction with the isolation of cases and quarantining of contacts. Therefore, social distancing measures, and social protection policies to guarantee the sustainability of these measures, should be implemented. To control COVID-19 in Brazil, it is also crucial that epidemiological monitoring is strengthened at all three levels of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). This includes evaluating and usingsupplementary indicators to monitor the progression of the pandemic and the effect of the control measures, increasing testing capacity, and making disaggregated notificationsand testing resultstransparentand broadly available

Risk of mortality for small newborns in Brazil, 2011-2018: A national birth cohort study of 17.6 million records from routine register-based linked data.

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth (25 times higher for LBW (HR=25.8; (95% CI:25.5-26.1) compared to normal birth weight (NBW). 18% of all live births were included in one of the small vulnerable newborn phenotypes. Of those 8.2% were term-SGA (4.7%NBW, 3.5%LBW), 0.6% were term-AGA-LBW, 8.3% preterm-AGA (3.8%NBW, 4.5%LBW) and 1.0% preterm-SGA-LBW. Compared to term-AGA-NBW, the highest mortality risk was for preterm-LBW phenotypes (HR=36.2(95%CI 35.6-36.8) preterm-AGA-LBW, HR=62.0(95%CI 60.8-63.2) preterm-SGA-LBW). The increased mortality risk associated with vulnerable newborn phenotypes was highest in the first month of life, with attenuated but continued high risk in the post-neonatal period and 1-4 years of age. INTERPRETATION: Our findings support the value of using more detailed phenotypes to identify those at highest risk. More granular data can inform care at the individual level, advance research, especially for prevention, and accelerate progress towards global targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust

Cohort Profile: Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde (CIDACS) Birth Cohort.

No Abstract available. Declaration CIDAC

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file