Associations between objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness with inflammatory and oxidative stress markers and heart rate variability

Background: To assess the associations between physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (SEDT) with inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, heart rate variability (HRV) and post-exercise recovery (HRR) controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and potential confounders. Design and methods: The following data was collected from 44 participants during 2019 (age = 49.5 ± 6.4 years, 66% women): Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines (IL-1β, INF-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23); catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities; resting heart (HR) rate for HRV analysis, anthropometric measures, a submaximal cycling test to evaluate CRF with active recovery to assess and HRR (absolute and ΔHR), and 7-day accelerometry. Results: Women spent significantly more SEDT (p = 0.035), had higher inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF) and lower HRV indices [SDNN, LF/HF, SD2 (p > 0.05)]. Significant associations were found between SEDT and markers of inflammation [CRP, B = 0.006, p = 0.001; MCP-1, B = 0.003, p = 0.038]. HRV indices were significantly associated with inflammatory/oxidative stress markers [IL-10 (p = 0.04), GPX (p = 0.014), ln-IL 23 (p = 0.036), CAT (p = 0.026)] while HRR was positively associated with light PA [Δ3 (B = 0.051, p = 0.043), Δ4 (B = 0.062, p = 0.021)] and inversely related to catalase [Δ3 (B = −54.7, p = 0.042), Δ4 (B = −54.1, p = 0.021] and CRP [Δ5 (B = −19.8, p = 0.033)]. Higher CRF showed lower values for TNF-α (p = 0.02) and IL-10 (p = 0.003) and better HRV/HRR indices [RMSSD, PNS, SampEn, SD1 (p < 0.05)]. Conclusions: SEDT had a higher impact on inflammation and autonomic balance, independently of PA levels with differences by sex and CRF. PA appears to be more important for a better HRR. Lower HRV and HRR could be indicative of inflammatory status.Fil: del Rosso, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Nutrición; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Baraquet, María Lucía. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Nutrición; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Bergero, Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz, Fabian Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Mazzoco, Yanina Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; ArgentinaFil: Aoki, Maria del Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; ArgentinaFil: Perovic, Nilda Raquel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Nutrición; Argentin

Correlates of heart rate measures with incidental physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight female workers

Previous studies have suggested that physical activity (PA) levels and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) impact on the autonomic control of heart rate (HR). However, previous studies evaluating PA levels did not discriminate between incidental PA and regular exercise. We hypothesized that incidental PA "per se" would influence cardiac autonomic indices as assessed via HR variability (HRV) and HR recovery (HRR) in non-exercisers. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between objective PA levels, CRF, and cardiac autonomic indices in adult, regular non-exercising female workers. After familiarization with procedures and evaluation of body composition, 21 women completed a submaximal cycling test and evaluation of HRR on four different days. Resting (2-min seated and standing) and ambulatory (4-h) HRV were also recorded. Levels of PA were assessed by accelerometry over five consecutive days (i.e., Wednesday to Sunday). Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured as an index of CRF. As reliability was low to moderate for most HR measures, relationships between these and PA and CRF were examined using the 4-day average measures. Significant correlations were identified between post-exercise HRR in the first min with various PA indices (daily moderate PA, daily vigorous PA, and the sum of vigorous and very vigorous daily PA). Additionally, VO2max was significantly correlated to HRV but not to HRR. The current results indicated that CRF was influential in enhancing HRV while incidental or non-exercise based PA was associated with greater autonomic reactivation in adult overweight women. Therefore, both CRF and non-exercise based PA contribute significant but diverse effects on cardiac health. The use of 4-day averages instead of single measures for evaluation of autonomic control of HR may provide a better indication of regular cardiac autonomic function that remains to be refined

Change of Direction Performance and its Physical Determinants Among Young Basketball Male Players

The main aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the age group (U-15, U-17 and U-19) on change of direction (COD) performance and its specific physical determinants among young basketball male players. Thirty-one young male basketball players (13-18 years) volunteered to participate in this study. The sample was divided into 3 age groups (U-15, U-17, U-19). All the evaluations were carried out in the same order in 3 sessions as follows: 1) body composition, self-reported sexual maturation, COD performance, and intermittent endurance capacity; 2) reactive strength index (RSI), 15-m sprint, and repeated sprint ability (RSA) test; 3) vertical and horizontal jumps and lower-limb strength. The results showed significant differences between groups for age, sexual maturation, endurance capacity, horizontal and vertical jump performances, RSI, COD, RSA, and lower-limb strength (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were identified between COD performances and some physical determinants such as jumping ability and RSA performance (-0.43 < r < 0.85; p <= 0.05). In conclusion, there are age effects on COD performance and its specific physical determinants among young basketball male players. The associations between COD performance and its determinants should be considered by practitioners when programing athletic talent development for this population

Heart rate and cardiovascular responses to commercial flights: relationships with physical fitness

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of physical fitness on cardiac autonomic control in passengers prior to, during and following commercial flights. Twenty-two, physically active men (36.4 +/- 6.4 years) undertook assessments of physical fitness followed by recordings of 24-h heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) on a Control (no flight) and Experimental (flight) day. Recordings were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures with relationships between variables examined via Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. Compared to the Control day, 24-h HR was significantly greater (>7%) and HRV measures (5-39%) significantly lower on the Experimental day. During the 1-h flight, HR (24%), and BP (6%) were increased while measures of HRV (26-45%) were reduced. Absolute values of HRV during the Experimental day and relative changes in HRV measures (Control-Experimental) were significantly correlated with measures of aerobic fitness (r = 0.43 to 0.51;-0.53 to -0.52) and body composition (r = -0.63 to -0.43; 0.48-0.61). The current results demonstrated that short-term commercial flying significantly altered cardiovascular function including the reduction of parasympathetic modulations. Further, greater physical fitness and lower body fat composition were associated with greater cardiac autonomic control for passengers during flights. Enhanced physical fitness and leaner body composition may enable passengers to cope better with the cardiovascular stress and high allostatic load associated with air travel for enhanced passenger well-being

Improvements in attention and cardiac autonomic modulation after a 2-weeks sprint interval training program: a fidelity approach

This study aimed to: (1) investigate the influence of a 2-weeks sprint interval training (SIT) program on aerobic capacity, cardiac autonomic control, and components of attention in young healthy university students; and (2) to ascertain whether training fidelity would influence these adaptations. One hundred and nine participants were divided into an experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. The EG performed a SIT program that consisted of 6 sessions of 4 x 30 s "all-out" efforts on a cycle ergometer, interspersed with active rests of 4 min. The criterion for fidelity was achieving >90% of estimated maximum heart rate (HR) during sprint bouts. After analyses, the EG was divided into HIGH (n = 26) and LOW(n = 46) fidelity groups. Components of attention were assessed using the Attention Network Test (ANT). Aerobic capacity (VO(2)max) was estimated while the sum of skinfolds was determined. Autonomic control of HR was assessed by means of HR variability (HRV) and HR complexity at rest and during ANT. Both HIGH and LOW significantly increased aerobic capacity, vagal modulation before and during ANT, and executive control, and decreased body fatness after SIT (p < 0.05). However, only participants from HIGH showed an increase in HR complexity and accuracy in ANT when compared to LOW (p < 0.05). Two weeks of SIT improved executive control, body fatness, aerobic fitness, and autonomic control in university students with better results reported in those individuals who exhibited high fidelity

Shorter sprints elicit greater cardiorespiratory and mechanical responses with less fatigue during time-matched sprint interval training (sit) sessions

The aim of this study was to compare the physiological, mechanical and perceptual responses to two sprint interval training (SIT) sessions with very short vs. long sprints, and to verify if those differences could be reflected in measures of acute fatigue. Eleven physically active men performed, after the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) determination, SIT5s (16×5s with 24s of recovery) and SIT20s (4×20s with 120s of recovery) in random order on a cycle ergometer. Physiological, mechanical, and perceptual responses were evaluated during and after the sessions. The countermovement jump (CMJ) height and autonomic control of heart rate (HR) were evaluated before and after the sessions. Diet was also controlled through recall questionnaires. During the training, SIT5s exhibited greater HR, VO2, power output, and total work (TW) (p.05). A faster HR recovery (HRR) and a higher CMJ height were observed after the SIT5s (p.05). Some correlations between the mechanical and physiological responses were revealed only in the SIT5s. SIT5s was demonstrated to be more efficient as exhibited by greater mechanical responses associated with a higher aerobic activity, when compared to the volume-matched SIT protocol of longer sprints. Simple monitoring tools such as HRR and CMJ could help practitioners to detect differences in acute fatigue after different SIT sessions

The role of veracity on the load monitoring of professional soccer players: a systematic review in the face of the big data era

Big Data has real value when the veracity of the collected data has been previously identified. However, data veracity for load monitoring in professional soccer players has not been analyzed yet. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current evidence from the scientific literature related to data veracity for load monitoring in professional soccer. Systematic searches through the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were conducted for reports onthe data veracity of diverse load monitoring tools and the associated parameters used in professional soccer. Ninety-four studies were finally included in the review, with 39 different tools used and 578 associated parameters identified. The pooled sample consisted of 2066 footballers (95% male: 24 ± 3 years and 5% female: 24 ± 1 years). Seventy-three percent of these studies did not report veracity metrics for anyof the parameters from these tools. Thus, data veracity was found for 54% of tools and 23% of parameters. The current information will assist in the selection of the most appropriate tools and parameters to be used for load monitoring with traditional and Big Data approaches while identifying those still requiring the analysis of their veracity metrics or their improvement to acceptable veracity levels

El cultivo de garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) en Argentina

El Programa Transferencia de Resultados de Investigación y Comunicación Pública de la Ciencia (PROTRI), de la Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología del Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba, financió la realización del libro El cultivo de garbanzo en Argentina con el objeto de promover la transferencia de resultados, experiencias o saberes entre las áreas del sector social y productivo para una mejor calidad de vida. Para la ejecución de esta obra han sido convocados técnicos e investigadores de las Ciencias Agropecuarias, Biológicas y Económicas, quienes en una forma clara y sencilla, aunque no menos consistente, ponen a disposición del lector sus experiencias adquiridas a lo largo de varios años de trabajo. El desarrollo de los diferentes temas se realiza a través de dieciséis Capítulos que abarcan desde la domesticación de Cicer y su llegada a la Argentina (Capítulo 1), pasando por el estudio morfológico de las diferentes partes de la planta en relación a los cultivares locales (Capítulo 2), además del manejo del suelo y sus nutrientes, en cuanto a requerimientos edáficos en los sistemas productivos (Capítulo 3). También se contempla el análisis de la influencia de los diversos factores ambientales para la determinación de zonas productivas (Capítulo 4). En el Capítulo 5 se hace referencia a la ecofisiología del cultivo, sus requerimientos en las diferentes etapas fenológicas, y cuándo y cómo se expresan en los cultivares. Un tema de indudable importancia para las leguminosas en general, y para el garbanzo en particular, es la simbiosis con las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno y su influencia en la productividad, el cual se desarrolla en el Capítulo 6. La mejora genética en el país es abordada en el Capítulo 7, donde se exponen sus inicios, desarrollo, disponibilidad de recursos, bondades y potencial del germoplasma disponible. A lo largo del ciclo biológico de la planta, el cultivo es visitado por insectos e infectado por hongos. Identificarlos y conocer sus ciclos biológicos y comportamientos es un aspecto importante para seleccionar las medidas de manejo y control más adecuadas (Capítulos 8 y 9). Quizás pocos sepan que el volumen de semilla genética de un cultivar, alcanza sólo unos pocos gramos (alrededor de 20). Para llevar este pequeño volumen a toneladas, se requiere del trabajo y tesón de investigadores, fitomejoradores y productores. Resultado de ese esfuerzo es la difusión de los seis cultivares obtenidos en el país, y se sigue trabajando para lograr nuevos materiales que se adapten a las diversas áreas y sistemas de producción (Capítulo 10). El desarrollo de los diferentes cultivares, que dan lugar a diversas arquitecturas de plantas, sumado a la adopción de diversos sistemas de producción, hace que el tema de la mecanización ocupe un lugar importante. Maquinas pequeñas y grandes intervienen en las etapas de siembra y de cosecha tratando de lograr la mayor eficiencia posible y un producto de calidad (Capítulo 11). Un cuello de botella para la expansión del cultivo es su comercialización, tanto para consumo interno como externo. En el Capítulo 12 se analizan los diferentes mercados y la necesidad de lograr un producto rentable de alta calidad, para mercados muy diversos. En el Capítulo 13 se hace un recorrido por las diferentes Provincias que actualmente producen garbanzo. Sus autores comentan como se incorporó el cultivo a los sistemas productivos de la región, sobre posibilidades y limitaciones, manejos y potencial de rendimiento, entre otros aportes. Los Capítulos 14 y 15 presentan dos temas de relevancia actual: la composición química del grano y las posibilidades de brindar valor agregado a éste, aspectos reforzados en la última década por el auge de las tendencias que promueven un nuevo estilo de vida y una alimentación sana, con alimentos naturales, bajos en grasa y con un buen balance nutricional. En el último Capítulo (16) se presentan experiencias de investigación en las que se utilizó al garbanzo como materia prima o como sustrato para diversas experimentaciones. La interacción docente-investigador-alumno permitió que vieran la luz diversos trabajos que, además de la formación de recursos humanos, brindan una información útil y novedosa al incursionar en temas tales como manejo de fechas de siembra, riego, alimento para pollos, cerdos y abejas. Estimado lector, tiene en sus manos un libro que es una invitación a un viaje con dieciséis estaciones. En cada una de ellas encontrará información sobre el cultivo del garbanzo en la Argentina. Estos datos fueron obtenidos por docentes, investigadores, productores, estudiantes que trabajaron y siguen trabajando para aportar al conocimiento del cultivo en nuestro país, bajo la realidad local y el contexto regional, ya que la mayoría de los trabajos y publicaciones son de origen extranjero y la aplicación de muchas de las tecnologías de manejo requieren una correcta adaptación y validación. Esperamos que este libro, además de serle útil, pueda ser disfrutado, sintiendo la pasión y el entusiasmo de cada uno de los autores por brindar y compartir sus conocimientos y logros

Patrones de actividad física, aptitud aeróbica y su relación con marcadores de estrés oxidativo y de inflamación en enfermedades cardiometabólicas

Tesis - Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud - Universidad nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Secretaria de Graduados en Ciencias de la Salud, 2022Antecedentes: el riesgo cardiometabólico implica una compleja desregulación de procesos inflamatorios y oxidativos con la modulación del sistema nervioso autonómico. La actividad física (AF) podría estar relacionada con un menor estatus inflamatorio y oxidativo mientras que el tiempo sedentario (SEDT) podría tener un efecto desfavorable, incrementando la inflamación, el estrés oxidativo y alterando la regulación autonómica aumentando el riesgo de enfermedad cardiometabólica. A la vez, potenciales factores, tal como la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (CRF), la edad y la composición corporal podrían afectar la asociación entre AF, SEDT y los marcadores de inflamación y estrés oxidativo. Objetivos: el objetivo general del presente estudio fue analizar relaciones entre patrones de actividad física, el nivel de aptitud aeróbica y biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo e inflamación en individuos con riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Como objetivos específicos se incluyeron: determinar las asociaciones entre AF, SEDT, CRF y los niveles de marcadores inflamatorios y de estrés oxidativo; analizar la asociación entre la AF, SEDT, CRF y los índices de control autonómico [variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) y recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca post ejercicio (RFC)]; establecer las asociaciones entre los índices de VFC y RFC y los marcadores de inflamación y estrés oxidativo; y establecer si existen diferencias en la asociación entre AF, SEDT y marcadores inflamatorios utilizando métodos de medición objetivos y subjetivos de AF y SEDT. Métodos: la muestra total constó de 111 voluntarios (70 mujeres y 41 hombres, edad = 52,8 8,2 años; IMC = 29,1 6,4 kg•m-2) de entre 39-70 años pertenecientes al Estudio sobre Estilos de Vida y Marcadores de Estrés Oxidativo en Individuos con Riesgo Cardiometabólico desarrollado en el Hospital Nacional de Clínicas. Una submuestra de 44 individuos (29 mujeres y 15 hombres, edad = 49,5 6,4 años; IMC = 28,1 6,2 kg•m-2) participaron del estudio sobre evaluación objetiva de la AF y su relación con marcadores de inflamación, estrés oxidativo y control autonómico. Los datos fueron recolectados entre las 7.00 y las 10.30 A.M. en ayunas y en el siguiente orden: frecuencia cardíaca de reposo para el análisis de la VFC; muestra de sangre para la medición de marcadores bioquímico-clínicos [glucosa, triglicéridos totales, colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C y hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1C) y fibrinógeno], inflamatorios [proteína C reactiva (PCR) y citoquinas (IL-1β, INF-γ, TNF, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23)] y de estrés oxidativo [actividad de la catalasa (CAT) y de la glutatión peroxidasa (GPX)]. Medidas de la presión sanguínea [sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD)], antropométricas [talla, masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura (CC)]. Además, se realizó una prueba submáxima en cicloergómetro para estimar el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) como medida de la CRF y con recuperación activa para valorar la RFC absoluta (FC a los 30 s, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 4 min y 5 min post ejercicio) y la RFC relativa (Δ30, Δ1, Δ2, Δ3, Δ4, Δ5) así como la cinética de la RFC [constante temporal (τ) y amplitud (FCamp)]. Posteriormente, los participantes completaron un cuestionario sobre sus hábitos de AF [Cuestionario Internacional de AF (IPAQ), versión corta] y siete días de monitoreo objetivo de AF mediante acelerometría [tiempo sedentario (SEDT), tiempo de AF ligera (AFL), tiempo de AF moderada (AFM), tiempo de AF vigorosa (AFV) y la suma de AF moderada a vigorosa (AFMV)]. Los análisis de VFC, RFC, la prueba de ejercicio y el monitoreo objetivo de la AF solo fue realizado en una submuestra de 44 participantes. Para los análisis se establecieron conglomerados de edad (adultos jóvenes, adultos de mediana edad y adultos mayores), de CRF (baja, moderada y alta) y un conglomerado compuesto de riesgo cardiometabólico (bajo riesgo y alto riesgo). Resultados: en la muestra total los diferentes modelos univariados (ajustados por las covariables de confusión) mostraron que el SEDT no se asoció significativamente con ninguno de los marcadores inflamatorios y lo mismo ocurrió con la AFMV. Sin embargo, se observaron asociaciones significativas entre la AFL e IL-1β (B = -0,004; P = 0,021) y entre la AFV y TNF-α (B = -0,017; P = 0,017) e IL-6 (B = -0,018; P = 0,04). Asimismo, se halló un efecto de interacción entre la AF y el SEDT con diferentes covariables, particularmente el sexo, la edad y la CC. El análisis de la AF y SEDT mediante el IPAQ mostró diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres respecto de los minutos diarios de AFMV, AFV y AF total (P < 0,05). En contraposición, no hubo diferencias significativas respecto del SEDT entre ambos sexos. Cuando se compararon los niveles de AF por conglomerados de edad, se observó que los participantes pertenecientes al grupo de adultos jóvenes exhibieron mayores niveles de AFV en comparación con el grupo de adultos de mediana edad (P < 0,05), pero no con respecto al grupo de adultos mayores. En los conglomerados de riesgo cardiometabólico tanto la AFV como la AFMV exhibieron una asociación inversa con la PAS y PAD. Adicionalmente, se observó un efecto de interacción entre el SEDT y la edad sobre la concentración de HDL-C (B = -0,003; P = 0,016). El conglomerado con mayor riesgo cardiometabólico exhibió mayores niveles de PCR y Fibrinógeno (P < 0,01). Por otra parte, en la submuestra de 44 participantes se observó que, en comparación con los hombres, las mujeres exhibieron mayor SEDT (P = 0,035), con menores frecuencias en la interrupción del sedentarismo (P = 0,014) mientras que exhibieron mayores niveles de IL-6 (P = 0,02) y TNF-α (P = 0,01) con menores índices de VFC (P < 0,05). Se observaron asociaciones ajustadas significativas entre el SEDT y los niveles de CPR (B = 0,006; P = 0,001) y MCP-1 (B = 0,003; P = 0,038) y entre ciertos índices de la VFC y marcadores de inflamación/estrés oxidativo mientras que los índices de la RFC estuvieron inversamente asociados con Ln CAT [Δ3 (B = -54,7; P = 0,042), Δ4 (B = -54,1; P = 0,021] and Δ5 vs. Ln PCR [B = -19,8; P = 0,033]. El conglomerado de mayor CRF mostró menores valores de TNF-α (P = 0,02) e IL-10 (P = 0,003) y mejores índices de VFC (P < 0,05). El análisis de concordancia entre las medidas objetivas y subjetivas del SEDT resultó en un sesgo de 42 66 min con límites de acuerdo de -88 a 172 min en tanto que para las medidas de AF los resultados mostraron un sesgo de 2,2 148,0 min con límites de acuerdo de -288 a 293 min. Conclusiones: tomados conjuntamente, los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que prolongados tiempos de sedentarismo combinados con bajos niveles de AF de intensidad moderada a vigorosa pueden incrementar el ambiente inflamatorio y el estrés oxidativo. El aumento del estado proinflamatorio, a su vez, podría estar relacionado con una desmejora del control autonómico (i.e., equilibrio simpático-vagal) incrementando así el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Los resultados también muestran que la CRF es un potente modulador, no solo de la respuesta inflamatoria ante factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos sino también de la regulación autonómica de dicha respuesta. La baja concordancia observada entre las medidas de AF y SEDT obtenidas con el método subjetivo y el objetivo indican que las diferencias entre las asociaciones de la muestra completa y la submuestra se deban en parte al instrumento de evaluación utilizado.Background: Cardiometabolic risk involvers a complex deregulation involving inflammatory and oxidative stress process with the potential modulation of the autonomic system. Physical activity (PA) could be related to a lower inflammatory and oxidative stress status while sedentary time (SEDT) could have an unfavorable effect, increasing inflammation and oxidative stress and altering the autonomic regulation increasing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. In time, potential covariates, such as, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), age and body composition could affect the associations between PA, SEDT and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Objectives: the main objective of the present study was to analyze the relationships between PA patterns, aerobic fitness level and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in individuals with risk of non-communicable diseases. The specific objectives included: to determine the associations between PA, SEDT, CRF and levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers; to analyze the association between PA, SEDT, CRF and indices of autonomic control [heart rate variability (HRV) and post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR)]; to stablish the associations between HRV and HRR indices with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress; and to stablish if there are differences in the relationships between PA, SEDT and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers using objective and subjective measures of PA and SEDT. Methods: The total sample consisted in 111 volunteers (70 women and 41 men, age = 52.8 8.2 years, BMI = 29.1 6.4 kg•m-2) from the larger cohort of the Lifestyles and Oxidative Stress Markers in Individuals at Cardiometabolic Risk carried out in the Hospital Nacional de Clínicas. A subsample of 44 individuals (29 women and 15 men, age = 49.5 6.4 years, BMI = 28.1 6.2 kg•m-2) where involved in the study of objective measures of PA and its relationship with inflammation, oxidative stress markers and autonomic control. Data were collected between 7.00 and 10.30 AM in a fasted state and without the previous consumption of coffee, tea, or tobacco and in the following order: resting heart rate for HRV analyses; a blood sample for measuring clinical markers [glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and Fibrinogen], inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines IL-1β, INF-γ, TNF, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23)] and oxidative stress markers [plasma activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)]. Measures of blood pressure [systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP)], anthropometric (height, body mass and waist circumference (WC)] and a submaximal cycling test to estimate the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as a measure of CRF with active recovery to assess absolute HRR (HR at 30 s, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 4 min y 5 min post exercise) and relative HRR (Δ30, Δ1, Δ2, Δ3, Δ4, Δ5) as well as HRR kinetics [time constant (τ) y amplitude (HRamp)]. At the end, participants completed a questionnaire about their PA habits [the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)] and seven days of PA objective monitoring using accelerometers [sedentary time (SEDT), light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA) and the sum of MPA and VPA (MVPA)]. The analyses of HRV, HRR, exercise test and the objective monitoring of PA were only carried on the subsample of 44 participants. For all the analyses, clusters of age (young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults), CRF (low, moderate, and high) and a cardiometabolic composite risk cluster (low risk and high risk). Results: Whitin the total sample, multivariate models adjusted by potential confusion covariates showed that SEDT was not significantly associated with any of the inflammatory markers and the same was observed for the MVPA. However, there were significant associations between LPA vs. IL-1β (B = -0.004, P = 0.021) and between VPA vs. TNF-α (B = -0.017, P = 0.017) and vs. IL-6 (B = -0.018, P = 0.04). In addition, an interaction between PA and SEDT with different covariates was observed, particularly with sex, age, and WC. The analysis of PA and SEDT with the IPAQ revealed significant differences between men and women in the daily time expended in MVAP, VPA and Total PA (P < 0.05). Conversely, there were no significant differences between the sexes regarding the SEDT. Comparison of PA levels by age clusters showed that participants in the young adults exhibited higher levels of VPA compared with the middle-aged adults (P < 0.05) but no with the older adults. In the cardiometabolic risk clusters both VPA and MVPA showed an inverse relationship with SBP and DBP. Furthermore, an interaction effect of SEDT and age was observed on HDL-C levels (B = -0.003, P = 0.016). Also, the high risk cardiometabolic cluster exhibited increased levels of CRP and fibrinogen (P < 0.01). Regarding the analysis with the subsample, it was observed that, compared to men, women spent more SEDT (P = 0.035), with less sedentary breaks (P = 0.014) while exhibited higher IL-6 (P = 0.02) and TNF-α levels (P = 0.01) with lower HRV indices (P < 0.05). Significant adjusted associations were found between SEDT and Ln CRP [B = 0.006, P = 0.001] and Ln MCP-1 [B = 0.003, P = 0.038]. HRV indices were not related to PA or SEDT while HRR was positively associated with light PA [Δ3 (B = 0.051, P = 0.043), Δ4 (B = 0.062, P = 0.021)]. There was an association between some HRV indices and inflammatory/oxidative stress markers while HRR was inversely related to Ln CAT [Δ3 (B = -54.7, P = 0.042), Δ4 (B = -54.1, P = 0.021] and Δ5 vs. Ln CRP [B = -19.8, P = 0.033]. Higher CRF cluster showed lower values for Ln TNF-α (P = 0.02) and IL-10 (P = 0.003) and better HRV indices (P < 0.05). Agreement analysis between objective and subjective measures of SEDT resulted in a bias of 42 66 min with limits of agreement between -88 and 172 min, while the analysis for the measures of PA showed a bias of 2.2 148.0 min with limits of agreement between - 288 and 293 min. Conclusions: Taken together, the results from the present study suggest that prolonged sedentary time combined with lower levels of moderate to vigorous PA could result in an increased inflammatory and oxidative environment. The increase in the inflammatory status, in time, could be related to a deregulation of autonomic control (i.e., sympathovagal balance) increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The results also show that CRF is a potent modulator, not only of inflammation in face of cardiometabolic risk factors but also of the autonomic response. The low agreement observed between measures of PA and SEDT obtained with objective and subjective methods could imply that differences between the results with the whole sample and with the subsample can be, in part, because of the instrument used.2024-07-25Fil: Del Rosso, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Nutrición Humana; Argentina

Stress Markers During a Rally Car Competition

International audienceThe aim of the study was to assess the stress responses in drivers during an official rally car race and the influence of fitness and body composition on stress hormones. Fitness and body composition were assessed in 9 rally car drivers with an incremental exercise test for determination of maximum aerobic speed (MAS) and 6-site skinfold method, respectively. Before (pre) and after (post) the first stage of an official rally car race, data were collected for heart rate (HR), blood samples were collected for analysis of hormones (i.e., epinephrine [EPI], norepinephrine [NE], cortisol, and aldosterone) and metabolites (i.e., lactate [LA], glucose, and ammonia). There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in all assessed variables except glucose at postrace. Heart rate increased 93% (p ≤ 0.05) at the end of the race stage, reaching 88.77 ± 4.96% of HRpeak. Also, EPI and NE significantly (p = 0.001) increased by 45 and 65%, respectively, and LA increased by 395% (p < 0.001). Significant correlations between percent body fat (%BF) and postrace EPI (r = 0.95; p < 0.001), and percentage change of EPI (r = 0.83; p = 0.012) were observed. The MAS was not associated to any metabolic or hormonal variable. These results suggest that psycho-physiological stress induced by the race elicited important changes in hormonal and metabolic variables and that %BF could be an important mediator of psycho-physiological stress in rally car drivers. Specific programs, including both strength and aerobic training, and nutritional plans should be implemented for appropriate conditioning of rally car drivers