Eficácia de [atrazine + mesotrione] para o controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho

To increase the weed control spectrum in corn, the herbicides formulation with active principles of different mechanisms of action is an important alternative. With the objective of evaluating the control promoted by the new herbicide Calaris®, composed by the mixture of [atrazine + mesotrione] applied in postemergence of weeds, alone or in combination with other herbicides, experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, one for each weed evaluated, in a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and four replications. Weed seeds of Conyza bonariensis, Urochloa decumbens, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria horizontalis, Urochloa plantaginea, Ipomoea grandifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa, Glycine max e Commelina benghalensis were sown in pots with a volume of 5 dm3 at density of 20 seeds per pot. The herbicide treatments were composed by [atrazine + mesotrione] applied in post-emergence in mixture or not with glyphosate, tembotrione and nicosulfuron; atrazine alone or in combination with glyphosate, mesotrione, tembotrione and nicusulfuron; glyphosate isolated and control without application. The application of the treatments of each experiment was carried out at different dates, considering the stage of development of weeds. Control percentage was evaluated in relation to weeds at 7, 14 and 28 days after application of the herbicides. The new herbicide formulation [atrazine + mesotrione] showed effective control in most of the weeds evaluated, except Cenchrus echinatus e Urochloa decumbens, however, the control was effective when combined with other herbicides, especially with glyphosate.Para aumentar o espectro de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura do milho, a formulação de herbicidas com princípios ativos de diferentes mecanismos de ação é uma alternativa importante. Objetivou-se avaliar o controle promovido pelo novo herbicida Calaris®, mistura formulada de [atrazine+mesotrione] aplicado em pós-emergência das plantas daninhas, de forma isolada ou em mistura com outros herbicidas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, um para cada planta daninha avaliada, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 16 tratamentos e quatro repetições. As sementes das plantas daninhas (Conyza bonariensis, Urochloa decumbens, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria horizontalis, Urochloa plantaginea, Ipomoea grandifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa, Glycine max e Commelina benghalensis) foram semeadas em vasos com volume de 5 dm3 a uma densidade de 20 sementes por vaso. Os tratamentos herbicidas foram aplicados em pós-emergência e foram constituídos por [atrazine+mesotrione] isolado ou em mistura com glyphosate, tembotrione e nicosulfuron; atrazine isolado ou em mistura com glyphosate, mesotrione, tembotrione e nicusulfuron; glyphosate isolado e testemunha sem aplicação. A aplicação dos tratamentos de cada experimento foi realizada em datas distintas, levando em consideração o estádio de desenvolvimento das plantas daninhas. Avaliou-se a porcentagem de controle em relação às plantas daninhas aos 7, 14 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. A nova formulação herbicida [atrazine+mesotrione] controlou de forma eficaz a maioria das plantas daninhas avaliadas, exceto Cenchrus echinatus e Urochloa decumbens, entretanto, o controle eficaz foi obtido quando em associação com outros herbicidas, principalmente ao glyphosate

PREVALENCE OF CHAGAS DISEASE IN A RURAL AREA IN THE STATE OF CEARA, BRAZIL

SUMMARY Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and affects about two to three million people in Brazil, still figuring as an important public health problem. A study was conducted in a rural area of the municipality of Limoeiro do Norte - CE, northeastern Brazil, aiming to determine the prevalence of T. cruzi infection. Of the inhabitants, 52% were examined, among whom 2.6% (4/154) were seropositive in at least two serological tests. All seropositive individuals were older than 50 years, farmers, with a low education and a family income of less than three minimum wages. Active surveillance may be an alternative for early detection of this disease

2 nd Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015

Abstract Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. It has considerable psychological, social, and economic impacts. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on the articulation and strategic contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of a close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. It is hoped that this document will strengthen the development of integrated actions against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.</p

SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.</p