Outbreak of Endoparasitosis in Free-Range Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Bahia, Brazil

Background: Free-range chickens are quite common in Brazil. In this alternative rearing system, the animals are rustic and raised in an extensive system. Free access to “bare soil” results in the increased occurrence of intestinal parasites since larvae and / or eggs of helminths and protozoa oocysts find favorable conditions for their survival and dissemination in the soil. Although the occurrence and importance of parasitic infections in free-range chickens is well known, the objective of this study is to report an outbreak of endoparasites in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra - BA, in view of bird susceptibility associated with scarcity of studies in western Bahia.Cases: The chickens were kept free, in a bare soil yard in a household at the urban perimeter of the municipality of Barra - BA. Feeding consisted of whole corn grains, thrown directly in the soil. The drinking fountains were dirty and the animals had no history of vaccination or deworming. Symptoms Anorexia, difficulty in eating and in locomotion, presence of seromucous secretion in the oral cavity, emaciation and diarrhea were all observed symptoms. One of the birds presented excessive vocalization, drowsiness and flaccid paralysis of the neck. Necropsy was performed on 3 chickens: 2 females (cases 1 and 2) and 1 male (case 3). Macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of seromucous secretion in the upper respiratory tract of all animals. Specimens of Ascaridia galli were observed in cases 1 and 2, Heterakis gallinarum in cases 2 and 3, Raillietina sp. in cases 2 and 3 and Davainea proglottina in case 1. Microscopically, the animals had an inflammatory infiltrate in the liver and intestines. Some animals presented necrosis of the tracheal epithelial cells, as well as of the epithelial cells present at the apex of the villi. No significant results were found in the coproparasitological exam.Discussion: The diagnosis of endoparasitosis in this outbreak was based on epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings. The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in free-range chickens is linked to factors such as age, high animal density, absence of sanitary hygienic measures, as well as environmental temperature and humidity. The appearance of injuries in the intestinal mucosa is influenced by characteristics such as parasitic load, concomitant infections, age and the host's immune status. During necropsy of the birds were found 2 helminths of the Nematoda class (Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum) and 2 of the Cestoda class (Davainea proglottina and Raillietina sp.). A. galli, seen in 2 cases, is considered low pathogenicity for adult chickens, however young birds are susceptible and can die due to intestinal obstruction and hemorrhages. H. gallinarum is responsible for causing typhlitis, with diarrhea and weight loss, this helminth was found in 2 animals in the present study, however only 1 had changes in the digestive tract. Davainea proglotina and Raillietina spp. might cause, respectively, severe hemorrhagic enteritis and nodule formation in the small intestine mucosa. In Brazil, even though it is notable that intestinal parasitism is one of the key problems in alternative poultry farming, there are few studies that evaluate the presence of endoparasites in chickens raised in alternative production systems, with animals being more frequently exposed to nematodes and cestodes. The multiparasitism observed in this study probably stems from flaws in the rearing system, mainly related to sanitary hygiene management. Therefore, the reduction in the occurrence of these helminths is closely related to the performance of basic prophylactic measures, such as offering good quality food and water in clean containers, separating lots by age, performing sanitary emptiness and deworming.Keywords: livelihood creation, nematode, cestode, multiparasitism, avian pathology.Surto de endoparasitose em galinhas caipiras (Gallus gallus domesticus) na Bahia, BrasilDescritores: criação de subsistência, nematoide, cestoide, multiparasitismo, patologia aviária

METÁSTASE ÓSSEA E PULMONAR DE ADENOCARCINOMA ESCAMOSO MAMÁRIO EM CADELA

Mammary tumors are the most common in bitches, and bone and pulmonary metastases are not well described. Adenosquamous mammary carcinoma is a rare tumor that can be classified as a type of metaplastic tumor.  This report describes the clinical and histopathological findings of this atypical presentation of mammary carcinoma in an 11-year-old, spayed, Poodle. Surgery was performed to remove malignant mammary nodules with a provisional diagnosis of carcinoma on cytologic examination. Thirteen months later, the dog returned showing left pelvic limb lameness that had persisted for 6 months prior to the consultation. The patient showed right pelvic limb lameness and a mass in the same limb. Radiographs of the affected limb revealed a pathological fracture in the femoral diaphysis and proliferation of the periosteum. After clinical staging, a left pelvic limb amputation was performed. A diagnosis of grade II adenosquamous mammary carcinoma was made through histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Although uncommon, bone and pulmonary metastases from mammary tumors, such as adenosquamous carcinoma, can be considered differential diagnoses for bony tumors. This report highlights the aggressive nature and significant metastatic potential of the adenosquamous carcinoma.Os tumores mamários são os mais comuns em cadelas e as metástases ósseas e pulmonares não são bem descritas. O carcinoma mamário adenoescamoso é um tumor raro que pode ser classificado como um tipo de tumor metaplásico. Este relato descreve os achados clínicos e histopatológicos dessa apresentação atípica de carcinoma mamário em um Poodle de 11 anos de idade, castrado. A cirurgia foi realizada para remover nódulos mamários malignos com diagnóstico provisório de carcinoma no exame citológico. Treze meses depois, a cadela retornou apresentando claudicação do membro pélvico esquerdo que persistia por seis meses antes da consulta. O paciente apresentava claudicação do membro pélvico direito e uma massa no mesmo membro. A radiografia do membro afetado revelou fratura patológica na diáfise femoral, proliferação do periósteo e áreas de osteopenia. Após estadiamento clínico, foi realizada amputação do membro pélvico esquerdo. O diagnóstico de carcinoma adenoescamoso mamário grau II foi feito através da histopatologia e imunohistoquímica. Embora incomuns, as metástases ósseas e pulmonares de tumores mamários, como o carcinoma adenoescamoso, podem ser consideradas diagnósticos diferenciais para tumores ósseos. Este relatório destaca a natureza agressiva e significativo potencial metastático do carcinoma adenoescamoso

Genomic epidemiology unveils the dynamics and spatial corridor behind the Yellow Fever virus outbreak in Southern Brazil

Despite the considerable morbidity and mortality of yellow fever virus (YFV) infections in Brazil, our understanding of disease outbreaks is hampered by limited viral genomic data. Here, through a combination of phylogenetic and epidemiological models, we reconstructed the recent transmission history of YFV within different epidemic seasons in Brazil. A suitability index based on the highly domesticated Aedes aegypti was able to capture the seasonality of reported human infections. Spatial modeling revealed spatial hotspots with both past reporting and low vaccination coverage, which coincided with many of the largest urban centers in the Southeast. Phylodynamic analysis unraveled the circulation of three distinct lineages and provided proof of the directionality of a known spatial corridor that connects the endemic North with the extra-Amazonian basin. This study illustrates that genomics linked with eco-epidemiology can provide new insights into the landscape of YFV transmission, augmenting traditional approaches to infectious disease surveillance and control

Epidemiological and anatopathological characterization of infection by Platynosomum illiciens in nonhuman primates in Central Brazil

Dissertação (mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2022.A platinossomíase hepatobiliar (PH) é uma enfermidade parasitária com distribuiçãomundial, que afeta mamíferos e aves. O Platynosomum illiciens é um trematódeo com ciclo de vida heteroxênico causador da PH caracterizada por lesões hepatobiliares crônicas especialmente nos felinos seus principais hospedeiros definitivos, e também nos primatas não-humanos (PNHs). Apesar de conhecida há décadas, os aspectos clínico- patológicos das infecções naturais e epidemiologia ainda são pouco conhecidos nas populações de PNHs como os calitriquídeos de vida-livre. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura da platinossomíase hepatobiliar em PNHs avaliando a distribuição, incidênciae alterações clinico-patológicas da doença. Adicionalmente, foi feito um levantamento nas fichas de necropsia de PNHs no Brasil-Central, sendo compiladas e analisada as informações epidemiológicas, clínicas e patológicas da infecção natural por P. illiciens.O presente estudo, avaliou as principais características da PH em primatas, com destaque para a incidência, letalidade, aspectos clínico-patológicos da enfermidade nos PNHs de vida-livre e mantidos em cativeiro assim como seus possíveis riscos para as populações.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).Hepatobiliary platynosomiasis (PH) is a parasitic disease worldwide, affecting mammals and birds. Platynosomum illiciens is a fluke with a heteroxenic life cycle that causes HP to be characterized by chronic hepatobiliary lesions, especially in cats that are its main definitive hosts and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Although known for decades, the clinicopathological aspects of natural infections by P. illiciens in PNHs and their epidemiology are still undetermined in populations of free-ranging callitrichids. A review of the literature on hepatobiliary platynosomiasis in PNHs evaluated the distribution, incidence, and clinicopathological changes in animals with the disease. Additionally, a survey was carried out on the necropsy records of PNHs in Central Brazil, and epidemiological, clinical-pathological data on the natural infection by P. illiciens were compiled and analyzed. The present study evaluated the main findingsin NHPs with HP, determining incidence, lethality, and clinicopathological aspects and some related risks of the disease for freeranging and captive populations

ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE AS INTOXICAÇÕES POR Crotalaria retusa E Tephrosia cinerea EM OVINOS

Crotalaria retusa e Tephrosia cinerea estão entre as principais plantas causadoras de lesões hepáticas em ruminantes e equinos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi comparar os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de ovinos intoxicados por essas duas plantas. Os principais achados nos ovinos intoxicados por T. cinerea foram ascite, fígado com superfície irregular e reduzido de tamanho e fibrose centrolobular à microscopia. As principais alterações observadas nos animais intoxicados por C. retusa foram distensão abdominal, icterícia, acentuação do padrão lobular e espessamento da cápsula do fígado, além de degeneração, necrose e hemorragia centrolobular e megalocitose de hepatócitos à microscopia. O conhecimento dos aspectos epidemiológicos clínicos e anatomopatológicos das plantas hepatotóxicas são fundamentais para o diagnóstico, favorecendo a adoção de medidas de controle e profilaxia reduzindo as perdas econômicas

Melanoma digital em um cão

We described a case of melanoma located in the right phalanx in a dog. A defined bitch, 11 years old, was referred to the Medical Clinic of the UFCG Veterinary Hospital with a history of increased volume at the distal end of the right thoracic limb. After the clinical evaluation and surgical correction, the material was sent to the Laboratory of Animal Pathology (LPA), Veterinary Hospital (HV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG) – PB. Macroscopically, the mass was nodular, skin-coated, measuring 10 x 7.0 x 6.5 cm and ulcerated central area 5 cm in diameter. When cutting, it exhibited a blackish, multilobular and firm surface. Microscopically, a thickly cellular, infiltrative and non-encapsulated tumor mass was observed in the epidermis. This paper reports a case of digital melanoma, diagnosed by histopathological examinationDescrevemos um caso de melanoma localizado na falange direita de um cão. Uma cadela definida, de 11 anos, foi encaminhada à Clínica Médica do Hospital Veterinário da UFCG com histórico de aumento de volume na extremidade distal do membro torácico direito. Após avaliação clínica e correção cirúrgica, o material foi encaminhado ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal (LPA) do Hospital Veterinário (HV) da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) – PB. Macroscopicamente, a massa era nodular, revestida de pele, medindo 10 x 7,0 x 6,5 cm e área central ulcerada com 5 cm de diâmetro. Ao corte apresentou superfície enegrecida, multilobular e firme. Microscopicamente, observou-se na epiderme uma massa tumoral densamente celular, infiltrativa e não encapsulada. Este artigo relata um caso de melanoma digital, diagnosticado por exame histopatológico

RINOTRAQUEÍTE COM ENVOLVIMENTO DE PULMÃO E FÍGADO EM UM FELINO

O Herpes Vírus Felino tipo 1 é o principal agente causador do Complexo Respiratório Felino e causa infecção do trato respiratório superior. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar um caso de rinotraqueíte felina com envolvimento pulmonar e hepático. Um felino, sem raça definida, cinco meses, macho apresentou histórico de anorexia, secreção ocular e nasal seromucosa e espirros e morreu após o atendimento. Na necropsia observou-se cavidade nasal difusamente avermelhada, pulmões não colapsados e discretamente avermelhados. Microscopicamente, havia necrose do epitélio da cavidade nasal, dos pulmões e dos hepatócitos associada a inclusões anfofílicas intranucleares. O acometimento pulmonar e hepático por esse vírus é incomum e a histopatologia foi essencial para elucidação diagnóstica

Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy in a Nelore Calf

This paper aims to report clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and pathological features in a case of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) affecting a 4-month-old Nelore calf for the first time. During physical examination, the calf could stand if assisted when lifting by the tail but fallen to the ground when trying to walk. Attempts to flex and extend the neck to the right side failed. Radiographs findings consisted of reduced intervertebral spaces, and misalignments between the endplates, more evident between the C3 and C4 vertebrae, resulting in narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the spinal cord. Grossly, C4 showed cranial articular surface malformation, abnormal metaphyseal growth plate development, reduced vertebral body size and deformity. Histologically, C4 showed an abnormal vertebral bone development characterized by moderate replacement of trabecular bone by fibrous tissues, multifocal areas of dystrophic hyaline cartilage development, and cartilaginous growth failure along the metaphyseal growth plate. Cervical spinal cord within the stenotic vertebral canal showed swollen neurons with central chromatolysis, areas of Wallerian degeneration, and necrotic debris. In contrast with the well-known Wobbler syndrome in horses, the etiology of CVSM in cattle remains undetermined, and further genetic and pathological studies must be conducted to elucidate it