«Négocier les interdépendances» : autonomie, action politique et identité au Henua 'Enana

Annexées par la France en 1842, les îles Marquises (Henua ‘Enana) font aujourd'hui partie de la Polynésie française, une Collectivité d'Outre-mer s'étendant sur un territoire aussi vaste que l'Europe. Elles se trouvent aujourd'hui encore sous la double tutelle de l'État français et du gouvernement polynésien situé à 1500 km, à Tahiti. Devant une forte centralisation et des velléités indépendantistes polynésiennes, une importante mouvance autonomiste marquisienne a appelé au « rattachement direct » de l'archipel à la France depuis au moins les années 1960. Ce mémoire explore les façons dont se pose la question de l'autonomie politique aux îles Marquises (Henua ‘Enana). Il examine les aspirations, revendications et visions d'avenir d'acteurs impliqués dans les milieux politique et culturel marquisiens. Il examine les structures mobilisatrices à travers lesquelles ces revendications se voient formulées, les diagnostics posés par ces acteurs sur la situation politique et économique actuelle, les différentes solutions qu'ils envisagent et les espoirs qu'ils entretiennent. Ce mémoire interroge les opportunités politiques qui ont façonné les trajectoires du courant autonomiste marquisien. Il souligne l'importance d'un nouvel acteur institutionnel, la Communauté de communes des îles Marquises (CODIM), dans la définition d'un projet d'avenir pour l'archipel qui adopte le langage du développement et de la modernité. Répondant aux espoirs de « rassemblement » et d'autonomisation par rapport au centre du courant autonomiste marquisien, celui-ci place au centre de sa démarche une double volonté de « développement économique » et de « préservation » du patrimoine culturel et environnemental marquisien. Or, les projets portés par l'institution et la perspective qu'elle défend sont loin de faire l'unanimité chez les acteurs rencontrés. Alors que certains critiquent les modalités et les impacts des projets portés par la CODIM, quelques voix discordantes remettent en question de façon plus profonde les principes qui les guident. Plus qu'à un développement mesuré, ceux-là aspirent à un « autre mode vie », à une véritable alternative à la modernité inspirée des anciens. Mots clés : Henua ‘Enana/Fenua ‘Enata (îles Marquises), autonomie politique, anthropologie politique, situation (post)coloniale, développement

Fiscal policy and indeterminacy in models of endogenous growth

This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of two-sector models of endogenous growth with sector-specific external effects, and government expenditure financed by distortionary taxation. When this type of external effect is combined with a sufficient degree of capital taxation in a Lucas–Uzawa endogenous growth model, continua of equilibria will emerge in the region of the balanced growth paths. By contrast, indeterminacy is not possible when either sector-specific external effects or factor taxation are added to the model in isolation. In the second part of the paper, we demonstrate that if labor supply is endogenous, indeterminacy can be consistent with much lower degrees of increasing returns to scale. Furthermore, certain types of fiscal policy will be associated with multiple balanced growth paths and the existence of a poverty trap. Finally, in the last part of the paper, we demonstrate that if physical capital is employed in both sectors of the economy, indeterminacy will emerge for varying combinations of factor taxation and external effects, even when returns to scale are constant at the social level

Price Variations in a Stock Market With Many Agents

Large variations in stock prices happen with sufficient frequency to raise doubts about existing models, which all fail to account for non-Gaussian statistics. We construct simple models of a stock market, and argue that the large variations may be due to a crowd effect, where agents imitate each other's behavior. The variations over different time scales can be related to each other in a systematic way, similar to the Levy stable distribution proposed by Mandelbrot to describe real market indices. In the simplest, least realistic case, exact results for the statistics of the variations are derived by mapping onto a model of diffusing and annihilating particles, which has been solved by quantum field theory methods. When the agents imitate each other and respond to recent market volatility, different scaling behavior is obtained. In this case the statistics of price variations is consistent with empirical observations. The interplay between ``rational'' traders whose behavior is derived from fundamental analysis of the stock, including dividends, and ``noise traders'', whose behavior is governed solely by studying the market dynamics, is investigated. When the relative number of rational traders is small, ``bubbles'' often occur, where the market price moves outside the range justified by fundamental market analysis. When the number of rational traders is larger, the market price is generally locked within the price range they define.Comment: 39 pages (Latex) + 20 Figures and missing Figure 1 (sorry), submitted to J. Math. Eco

Properties of the giant HII regions and bar in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC5430

In order to better understand the impact of the bar on the evolution of spiral galaxies, we measure the properties of giant HII regions and the bar in the SB(s)b galaxy NGC5430. We use two complementary data sets, both obtained at the Observatoire du Mont-M\'egantic: a hyperspectral data cube from the imaging Fourier transform spectrograph SpIOMM, and high-resolution spectra across the bar from a long-slit spectrograph. We flux-calibrate SpIOMM spectra for the first time, and produce H{\alpha} and [NII]{\lambda}6584\r{A} intensity maps from which we identify 51 giant HII regions in the spiral arms and bar. We evaluate the type of activity, the oxygen abundance and the age of the young populations contained in these giant HII regions and in the bar. Thus, we confirm that NGC5430 does not harbour a strong AGN, and that its Wolf-Rayet knot shows a pure HII region nature. We find no variation in abundance or age between the bar and spiral arms, nor as a function of galactocentric radius. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a chemical mixing mechanism is at work in the galaxy's disc to flatten the oxygen abundance gradient. Using the starburst99 model, we estimate the ages of the young populations, and again find no variations in age between the bar and the arms or as a function of radius. Instead, we find evidence for two galaxy-wide waves of star formation, about 7.1 Myr and 10.5 Myr ago. While the bar in NGC5430 is an obvious candidate to trigger these two episodes, it is not clear how the bar could induce widespread star formation on such a short time-scale.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA