Retrospective study on transmissible viral proventriculitis and chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in the UK

Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is a recently described birnavirus, which has been proposed to be the cause of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP). The understanding of the epidemiology of both the virus and the disease is very limited. A retrospective investigation on TVP and CPNV in broiler chicken submissions from the UK from between 1994 and 2015 was performed with the aims of assessing the longitudinal temporal evolution of TVP and CPNV, and to review the histological proventricular lesions in the studied chickens. Ninety-nine of the 135 included submissions (73.3%) fulfilled the TVP-diagnostic criteria, while the remaining 36 submissions (26.7%) displayed only lymphocytic proventriculitis (LP). The first detection of CPNV by PCR dated from 2009. Results showed a rise in the number of both TVP and positive CPNV RT-PCR submissions from 2009 with a peak in 2013, suggesting that they may be an emerging or re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively. Twenty-two out of the 99 submissions displaying TVP lesions (22%) and four out of the 36 (11%) submissions with LP gave positive CPNV RT-PCR results, further supporting the association between CPNV and TVP and confirming that CPNV is present in a low proportion of proventriculi that do not fulfil the TVP-diagnostic criteria. In addition, intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in 22 of the submissions with TVP. The vast majority of these cases (21 of 22, 96%) gave negative CPNV RT-PCR results, raising the question of whether a virus other than CPNV is responsible for some of these TVP-affected cases.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSTVP and CPNV have been present in British broilers since at least 1994 and 2009, respectively.TVP and CPNV seem to be an emerging and re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively.CPNV was detected in proventriculi with both TVP and LP-lesions.Viruses other than CPNV may be responsible for some TVP-affected cases.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

A Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from Brazilian commercial poultry flocks

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MS) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are important avian pathogens and cause economic losses to the poultry industry. Molecular biology techniques are currently used for a rapid detection of these pathogens and the adoption of control measures of the diseases. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a technique for simultaneous detection of MG and MS by multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The complete assay (Multiplex MGMS) was designed with primers and probes specific for each pathogen and developed to be carried out in a single tube reaction. Vaccines, MG and MS isolates and DNA from other Mycoplasma species were used for the development and validation of the method. Further, 78 pooled clinical samples from different poultry flocks in Brazil were obtained and used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the technique in comparison to 2 real time PCR assays specific for MG (MG PCR) and MS (MS PCR). The results demonstrated an agreement of 100% (23 positive and 44 negative samples) between Multiplex MGMS and MG PCR in the analysis of 67 samples from MG positive and negative poultry flocks, and an agreement of 96.9% between Multiplex MGMS and MS PCR in the analysis of 64 samples from MS positive and negative poultry flocks. Considering the single amplification tests as the gold standard, the Multiplex MGMS showed 100% of specificity and sensitivity in the MG analysis and 94.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the MS analysis. This new assay could be used for rapid analysis of MG and MS in the poultry industry laboratories

DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE MYCOPLASMA SYNOVIAE NO BRASIL

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) é um agente infeccioso que acomete galinhas e perus, podendo causar doença respiratória crônicae sinovite infecciosa com graus variados de manifestações clínicas. Esta espécie possui diferentes cepas que podem ser caracterizadaspor técnicas de análise genética. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a diversidade de um gene específico (vlhA) em amostras de MSde granjas de produção de aves de diferentes locais do Brasil. Amostras de traquéias foram obtidas de aves de 35 lotes de granjaspositivas para MS de diferentes estados do país. DNA total destas amostras foi extraído pela metodologia de sílica e após foi realizadadupla amplificação de uma região variável (284 a 341 pares de bases - pb) da extremidade 5´ do gene vlhA pela técnica dareação em cadeia da polimerase (nested-PCR). As amostras positivas foram sequenciadas e analisadas comparativamente para aconstrução da árvore filogenética e avaliação do tamanho de uma região interna específica (PRR). Os resultados demonstraram aocorrência de 16 diferentes sequências de aminoácidos nas 35 amostras avaliadas e a análise filogenética mostrou a ocorrência de 8diferentes clados. A sequência de aminoácidos da respectiva cadeia polipeptídica também apresentou diversidade entre as amostras.A região variável PRR foi a que apresentou maior polimorfismo e as amostras foram classificadas em 5 tipos previamente caracterizados(A, C, D, E e F) e um novo tipo (G) encontrado em amostras de granjas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Estes resultadosdemonstraram que as amostras de MS de granjas de produção avícola do Brasil apresentam diversidade no gene vlhA

Vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas: um estudo de campo em lotes de produção industrial no Brasil

As doenças respiratórias são bastante comuns na avicultura industrial, entre as quais a bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (BIG) é uma doença de importância econômica. A doença é causada pelo vírus da bronquite infecciosa (VBI) e gera grandes perdas em todas as etapas do processo de produção de aves, seja em frangos de corte, reprodutores e/ou poedeiras. Além do quadro respiratório, o VBI pode se apresentar de outras formas clínicas. As diferentes cepas do vírus possuem tropismo diferenciado pelos sistemas digestório, reprodutivo e urinário. Diversos dados recentes de caracterização genética do vírus no país demonstram a ocorrência de um único genótipo variante no Brasil (BR-I), além do genótipo vacinal Massachusetts (Mass). No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a frequência e distribuição tecidual destas variantes nos plantéis brasileiros. A presente dissertação é composta por dois artigos científicos sobre este tema. O objetivo do primeiro trabalho foi avaliar os genótipos de ocorrência em lotes de comercialização industrial no país. Para isso, foram obtidas amostras de lotes da Região Sul, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste do país. A caracterização foi realizada a partir do sequenciamento parcial do gene S de 49 amostras que foram comparadas com sequências de referência do GenBank e de isolados de campo do país. Onze amostras (22,4%) foram filogeneticamente similares ao genótipo vacinal Mass e 34 amostras (69,4%) agruparam com o genótipo brasileiro, previamente descrito, denominado BR-I. No entanto, quatro amostras (8,2%) formaram um novo grupo, denominado BR-II. Estes resultados demonstram a maior ocorrência do genótipo variante de campo tipicamente brasileiro. O segundo trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a frequência do VBI em diferentes regiões do país, além de determinar a frequência dos genótipos brasileiros em duas categorias de aves (frangos de corte e matrizes), de diferentes idades e nos diferentes sistemas fisiológicos infectados pelo VBI. Para isso, foram obtidos pools de órgãos de 198 lotes de frangos e 234 lotes de matrizes com sinais clínicos de BIG, das regiões Sul, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste do país. A detecção do VBI foi realizada por real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) da região 5’ UTR e a determinação dos genótipos por sequenciamento parcial do gene S1. Os resultados demonstraram frequência similar do VBI nas granjas das diferentes regiões do país, com índice maior em frangos de corte (média de 54%) do que em matrizes (média de 30,8%). O VBI foi detectado em aves de todas as idades, no entanto, o genótipo Mass foi mais frequentemente encontrado em frangos de até quatro semanas de idade, em frangos com idade próxima ao abate (> 4semanas) e matrizes houve o predomínio do genótipo BR. O sistema com maior frequência de detecção do VBI, em matrizes, foi o digestório (40%), com diferença significativa. Em frangos, a frequência de detecção nos sistemas digestório (43,5%) e respiratório (37,7%) não apresentou diferença significativa. Estes resultados demonstram a alta frequência dos genótipos brasileiros nos plantéis, sendo encontrados principalmente nos órgãos do sistema digestivo.Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the most important respiratory diseases in the poultry industry. The agent, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), generates losses in all stages of the poultry production (broilers, breeders and/or layers). Besides respiratory signs, IBV may present other different clinical forms: digestive, reproductive and urinary. IBV presents also a high genetic diversity among strains in different poultry-producing regions of the world. Recent studies demonstrate a large dissemination of local variant strains in Brazil (genotype BR-I), but the vaccine genotype Massachusetts (Mass) is also frequently found in poultry flocks. The present Masters Dissertation has two scientific articles on this topic. The aim of the first study was to evaluate the genotypes occurring in industrial poultry production flocks in Brazil. Samples of poultry flocks were obtained from different regions (South, Southeast, Midwest and Northeast). Molecular characterization was performed by partial sequencing of the S gene and comparison with reference (obtained in Genbank database) and field isolates sequences. Eleven samples (22.4%) were phylogenetically similar to Mass vaccine genotype and 34 samples (69.4%) grouped with the BR-I genotype. However, four samples (8.2%) originated a new group, denominated BR-II. These results demonstrate a high prevalence of the variant genotype BR-I in Brazil and the emergence of the novel BR-II genotype in the Midwest region. The second study aimed to determine the occurrence of IBV in different regions of the country and to evaluate the viral frequency in two poultry production types of birds (broilers and breeders), in different ages and in different physiological systems. Organs pools were collected from 198 broilers and 234 breeder flocks with IB clinical signs and from the three different Brazilian geographic regions: South, Midwest and Northeast. IBV detection was carried out by real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) of the 5' untranslated region and genotyping by partial sequencing of the S1 gene. The results showed similar IBV frequency on farms of different regions of the country with a higher rate in broilers (average 54%) than in breeders (mean 30.8%). IBV was detected in birds of all ages. Mass genotype was more often found in chickens up to four weeks of age, while BR genotypes were more frequent in broilers next to slaughter age and in all ages of breeders. The system with highest frequency of IBV was the digestive (40%) in breeders. In broilers, the frequency of detection in the digestive (43.5%) and respiratory (37.7%) systems showed no significant difference. These results demonstrate the high frequency of the Brazilian genotypes in the flocks, being found mainly in the organs of the digestive system

Retrospective study on transmissible viral proventriculitis and chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in the UK.

Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is a recently described birnavirus, which has been proposed to be the cause of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP). The understanding of the epidemiology of both the virus and the disease is very limited. A retrospective investigation on TVP and CPNV in broiler chicken submissions from the UK from between 1994 and 2015 was performed with the aims of assessing the longitudinal temporal evolution of TVP and CPNV, and to review the histological proventricular lesions in the studied chickens. Ninety-nine of the 135 included submissions (73.3%) fulfilled the TVP-diagnostic criteria, while the remaining 36 submissions (26.7%) displayed only lymphocytic proventriculitis (LP). The first detection of CPNV by PCR dated from 2009. Results showed a rise in the number of both TVP and positive CPNV RT-PCR submissions from 2009 with a peak in 2013, suggesting that they may be an emerging or re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively. Twenty-two out of the 99 submissions displaying TVP lesions (22%) and four out of the 36 (11%) submissions with LP gave positive CPNV RT-PCR results, further supporting the association between CPNV and TVP and confirming that CPNV is present in a low proportion of proventriculi that do not fulfil the TVP-diagnostic criteria. In addition, intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in 22 of the submissions with TVP. The vast majority of these cases (21 of 22, 96%) gave negative CPNV RT-PCR results, raising the question of whether a virus other than CPNV is responsible for some of these TVP-affected cases.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSTVP and CPNV have been present in British broilers since at least 1994 and 2009, respectively.TVP and CPNV seem to be an emerging and re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively.CPNV was detected in proventriculi with both TVP and LP-lesions.Viruses other than CPNV may be responsible for some TVP-affected cases

Canine Leishmaniasis in Southern Brazil: Diagnosis and Clinical Features in Domestic Dogs

Leishmania infantum is a hemopathogen of importance for the health of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), causing canine leishmaniasis (CanL), and it is also the etiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). This parasite was not reported in southern Brazil until the early 2000s, but CanL and HVL were increasingly reported in the last 15 years, mainly in cities bordering Argentina. The present study aimed to detect L. infantum in domestic dogs and to determine the main clinical manifestations in infected animals from Uruguaiana, a city with a high incidence of CanL. Fifty-one dogs suspected of having CanL in the urban perimeter of the city were clinically examined by veterinarians and investigated for the occurrence of L. infantum with two immunoassays (rapid chromatography test and ELISA) and real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Clinical signs were compared in positive and negative L. infantum animals. A total of 31 dogs (60.8%) were infected with L. infantum. The main clinical manifestations associated with CanL dogs were onychogryphosis and peeling (p L. infantum was frequently detected in urban dogs from Uruguaiana, highlighting the concerning situation regarding health in this city. The occurrence of some clinical signs (onychogryphosis/peeling) could help to detect CanL more frequently in the canine population