Electromagnetic structure and weak decay of meson K in a light-front QCD-inspired

The kaon electromagnetic (e.m.) form factor is reviewed considering a light-front constituent quark model. In this approach, it is discussed the relevance of the quark-antiquark pair terms for the full covariance of the e.m. current. It is also verified, by considering a QCD dynamical model, that a good agreement with experimental data can be obtained for the kaon weak decay constant once a probability of about 80% of the valence component is taken into account.Comment: 4 pages and 1 figure eps. To appear Nucl. Phys. A (2007

30 years of hay meadow succession without fertilization: how does it affect soil and avifauna groups?

In the present study we investigated the effects of hay meadow succession in the brook valley system of the Drentse A Nature Reserve, in the NE of the Netherlands. In particular, we compared the plant and soil fauna composition in five grasslands that differed in the stage of vegetation succession in two well-studied chronosequences, dry and wet respectively. The sampled meadows include a control site (still fertilized meadow), a 5, 15, 25 and 32 years stage of vegetation succession after the cessation of fertilizer application. At all sites, vegetation and earthworm composition was studied in replicate subplots of 4 m2 respectively 0.04 m² each. Moreover, the breeding birds have been monitored in the area over the last 28 years by mapping territories overlapping the meadows of the chronosequences. Concerning the plants we found that diversity was increasing with time of succession. In the wet meadow series the plant species richness increased from ca. 13 species per site (40 m2) to a maximum of ca. 49 species per site in the latest successional stage. In the drier parts the increase in species was less and reached an over all maximum of 27 species in the intermediate (15 years old) stage of the succession in 40 m2, but still increased to a mean of 15 species at the scale of 4 m2 plots in the oldest stage. The diversity and abundance of earthworms dropped significantly over time of succession. The species all belonged to 4 genera with Allolobophora being the most abundant. Soil pH dropped significantly during the succession even below 3.8 in the dry series. This largely explains the unfavourable conditions for the earthworms to survive in the oldest stages of the dry succession. The earthworm biomass dropped in nearly all sites below 25 g/m2 during the summer period, indicating unfavourable conditions for a suit of grassland breeding waders.The abundance of breeding birds in general was low due to the rather small area covered in this study. Anyhow we could find obvious changes in the breeding bird community. In particular waders such as Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) disappeared completely from the area and were followed up by Curlew (Numenius arquata) and Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) being currently also rare in the area. Probably due to changes in grassland vegetation (increase of amongst others Cirsium palustre) and insect abundance the Stonechat (Saxicola torquata) has entered the area as a breeding bird. The same happens to a set of bird species typical for developing carr woodlands such as Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) and Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus).Die vorliegende Studie thematisiert am Beispiel der Fließgewässerniederung der Drentse A, einem großflächigen Schutzgebiet im Nordosten der Niederlande, die Folgen einer langjährigen Heuwiesennutzung ohne Düngung. Im Einzelnen wurde von uns die Zusammensetzung der Vegetation und Bodenfauna auf fünf Grünlandflächen untersucht, die sich in der Dauer der Ausmagerung unterschieden. Getrennt betrachtet wurden dabei die bachnahen, moorigen Niederungsbereichen und die angrenzenden sandigen Geestbereiche. Die ausgewählten Grünlandflächen waren zum Zeitpunkt der Aufnahmen seit 5, 15, 25, und 32 Jahren gemäht aber nicht mehr gedüngt worden. Eine weitere, nach wie vor konventionell bewirtschaftete Wiesenfläche (incl. Düngung) diente als Kontrolle. Auf allen Flächen wurde die Vegetation und Regenwurmfauna in 10 Plots mit einer Größe von jeweils 4 m² bzw. 0.04 m² untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurden über 28 Jahre hinweg die Brutvögel des Gebietes mittels Revierkartierung erfasst. Die Pflanzenartendiversität hat sich mit Dauer der Ausmagerung signifikant erhöht. Sie stieg in den bachnahen Bereichen von 13 Arten in der Kontrollfläche (40 m²) auf 49 Arten in der am längsten ausgemagerten Grünlandfläche an. In den trockenen Geestbereichen war der Anstieg deutlich schwächer. Bezogen auf die Gesamtfläche von 40 m² wurden die meisten Arten hier in der 15 Jahre lang ausgemagerten Grünlandfläche gefunden, während bei Betrachtung der 4 m² großen Aufnahmepunkte die höchste Artenzahl ebenfalls in der ältesten Untersuchungsfläche lag. Die Diversität und Abundanz der Regenwürmer nahm mit Dauer der Ausmagerung ab. Die festgestellten Arten gehörten zu 4 Gattungen, wobei die Gattung Allolobophora am individuenreichsten vertreten war. Mit Dauer der Ausmagerung sank besonders im trockenen bachfernen Geestbereich der Boden-pH-Wert auf unter 3,8 ab. Die damit einhergehenden pessimalen Lebensbedingungen erklären hinreichend die geringe Diversität und Dichte von Regenwürmern in diesen Bereichen. An fast allen Standorten sank die Biomasse der Regenwürmer zum Sommer hin auf Werte unter 25 g/m², so dass für viele Limikolen zu dieser Zeit pessimale Ernährungsbedingungen bestehen. Die Zahl der Brutvogelarten war aufgrund des recht kleinen Untersuchungsgebietes insgesamt gering. Dennoch konnten auffallende Veränderungen in der Brutvogelgemeinschaft beobachtet werden. Während Limikolen wie Kiebitz (Vanellus vanellus) und Uferschnepfe (Limosa limosa) vollständig aus dem Gebiet verschwanden, wanderten der Große Brachvogel und die Bekassine ein. Allerdings sind auch sie aktuell nur noch selten im Gebiet vertreten. Dafür hat sich inzwischen das Schwarzkehlchen (Saxicola torquata) als Brutvogel eingestellt – möglicherweise eine Folge der sich ändernden Grünlandvegetation (hier: Zunahme von Pflanzenarten, die als Ansitzwarten fungieren können wie etwa Cirsium palustre) in Kombination mit einem verbesserten Nahrungsangebot an Makroinvertebraten. Eingewandert sind zwischenzeitlich auch eine Reihe weiterer Vogelarten, wie Pirol (Oriolus oriolus) und Kleinspecht (Dendrocopos minor), die charakteristisch für sich entwickelnde Bruchwälder sind. Letztere haben sich, meist kleinflächig, auf ehemaligen Feuchtgrünlandstandorten entwickelt

Compact polymer components for an integrated add-drop multiplexer

A phasar and a digital thermo optic switch have been designed and processed in a high index contrast polymer technology. Both devices are small enough to fabricate two integrated add-drop multiplexers on one 4 inch wafe

Dominant negative phenotype of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab, Cry11Aa and Cry4Ba mutants suggest hetero-oligomer formation among different Cry toxins.

Background - Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins are used worldwide in the control of different insect pests important in agriculture or in human health. The Cry proteins are pore-forming toxins that affect the midgut cell of target insects. It was shown that non-toxic Cry1Ab helix a-4 mutants had a dominant negative (DN) phenotype inhibiting the toxicity of wildtype Cry1Ab when used in equimolar or sub-stoichiometric ratios (1:1, 0.5:1, mutant:wt) indicating that oligomer formation is a key step in toxicity of Cry toxins. Methodology/Principal Findings - The DN Cry1Ab-D136N/T143D mutant that is able to block toxicity of Cry1Ab toxin, was used to analyze its capacity to block the activity against Manduca sexta larvae of other Cry1 toxins, such as Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, Cry1Da, Cry1Ea and Cry1Fa. Cry1Ab-DN mutant inhibited toxicity of Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac and Cry1Fa. In addition, we isolated mutants in helix a-4 of Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa, and demonstrate that Cry4Ba-E159K and Cry11Aa-V142D are inactive and completely block the toxicity against Aedes aegypti of both wildtype toxins, when used at sub-stoichiometric ratios, confirming a DN phenotype. As controls we analyzed Cry1Ab-R99A or Cry11Aa-E97A mutants that are located in helix a-3 and are affected in toxin oligomerization. These mutants do not show a DN phenotype but were able to block toxicity when used in 10:1 or 100:1 ratios (mutant:wt) probably by competition of binding with toxin receptors. Conclusions/Significance - We show that DN phenotype can be observed among different Cry toxins suggesting that may interact in vivo forming hetero-oligomers. The DN phenotype cannot be observed in mutants affected in oligomerization, suggesting that this step is important to inhibit toxicity of other toxin

Salt marsh accretion with and without deep soil subsidence as a proxy for sea-level rise

The relation between salt marsh accretion and flooding regime was quantified by statistical analysis of a unique dataset of accretion measurements using sedimentation-erosion bars, on three barrier islands in the Dutch Wadden Sea over a period of c. 15 years. On one of the islands, natural gas extraction caused deep soil subsidence, which resulted in gradually increasing flooding frequency, duration, and depth, and can thus be seen as a proxy for sea-level rise. Special attention was paid to effects of small-scale variation e.g., in distance to tidal creeks or marsh edges, elevation of the marsh surface, and presence of livestock. Overall mean accretion rate was 0.44 ± 0.0005 cm year−1, which significantly exceeded the local rate of sea-level rise of 0.25 ± 0.009 cm year−1. A multiple regression approach was used to detect the combined effect of flooding regime and the local environment. The most important flooding-related factors that enhance accretion are mean water depth during flooding and overall mean water depth, but local accretion strongly decreases with increasing distance to the nearest creek or to the salt marsh edge. Mean water depth during flooding can be seen as an indicator for storm intensity, while overall mean water depth is a better indicator for storm frequency. The regression parameters were used to run a simple model simulating the effect of various sea-level scenarios on accretion and show that, even under extreme scenarios of sea-level rise, these salt marshes can probably persist for the next 100 years, although the higher parts may experience more frequent inundation

Focusing on the Fixed Point of 4D Simplicial Gravity

Our earlier renormalization group analysis of simplicial gravity is extended. A high statistics study of the volume and coupling constant dependence of the cumulants of the node distribution is carried out. It appears that the phase transition of the theory is of first order, contrary to what is generally believed.Comment: Latex, 20 pages, 6 postscript figures, published versio

Public exhibit for demonstrating the quantum of electrical conductance

We present a new robust setup that explains and demonstrates the quantum of electrical conductance for a general audience and which is continuously available in a public space. The setup allows users to manually thin a gold wire of several atoms in diameter while monitoring its conductance in real time. During the experiment, a characteristic step-like conductance decrease due to rearrangements of atoms in the cross-section of the wire is observed. Just before the wire breaks, a contact consisting of a single atom with a characteristic conductance close to the quantum of conductance can be maintained up to several seconds. The setup is operated full-time, needs practically no maintenance and is used on different educational levels