Efficiency in Brazilian Refineries Under Different DEA Technologies

This paper aims to assess the environmental efficiency of refineries in the public sector with emphasis on generated effluents and water consumption in the production process. In order to conduct this research, the addressed method was quantitative with a qualitative approach to the environmental aspects of controllable and uncontrollable variables implemented in two classical models of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), considering only desirable outputs and two DEA models which include undesirable outputs. The sample consists of ten refineries considering the following as input variables: idleness percentage of the operating plant, the amount of water consumed; and the following as outputs: refinery production volume and generated effluents, desirable and undesirable, respectively, besides the uncontrollable variable, the refinery age. With the comparison result between the models, we observed the clear importance of the environmental variable for a more realistic analysis of the production process

Treatment of ex-situ soil-washing fluids polluted with petroleum by anodic oxidation, photolysis, sonolysis and combined approaches

In this research, the treatment of soil spiked with petroleum was studied using a surfactant-aided soil-washing (SASW) process followed by sonolysis (US), photolysis and boron doped diamond electrolysis (BDD-electrolysis) for washing liquid treatment. Results clearly demonstrate that SASW is a very efficient approach in the treatment of soil, removing completely the petrochemical compounds by using dosages about 5 g of extracting surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) per kg of soil. The main characteristics of the effluents produced in this soil remediation technology as well as the efficiency of the treatment (US, photolysis and BDD-electrolysis) depend on the dosage of SDS. Depollution of the effluents (degradation and mineralization of the organic matter) is related to the reduction in size of micelles formed by SDS and petroleum, and it depends on the treatment used. US and photolysis were inefficient decontamination processes, while BDD-electrolysis favors the complete depletion of micelles. However, the intensification of the efficiency was attained by synergic degradation effects when UV light irradiation and US were coupled with BDD-electrolysis, US/BDD-electrolysis and photo/BDD-electrolysis, respectively. Sulfate (coming from SDS) ions play an important role during the BDD-electrolysis, US/BDD-electrolysis and photo/BDD-electrolysis because persulfate and persulfate radicals are produced (by sulfate activation applying US or photolysis), improving the efficiency of the processes

Electrochemical mediated oxidation of phenol using Ti/IrO2 and Ti/Pt-SnO2-Sb2O5 electrodes

The indirect electrochemical oxidation of phenol was studied at Ti/IrO2 and Ti/Pt-SnO2-Sb2O5 electrodes by bulk electrolysis experiments under galvanostatic control. The obtained results clearly shown that the electrode material was an impor­tant para­me­ter for the optimization of such processes determining their mecha­nism and oxidation products. Different current efficiencies were obtained at Ti/IrO2 and Ti/Pt-SnO2-Sb2O5, depending on the applied current density in the range from 10, 20 and 30 mA cm−2. The effect of the amount of dissolved NaCl was studied also. It was observed that the electrochemical processes (direct/indirect) favor specific oxidation pathways depending on electrocatalytic material. Phenol degradation generates several intermediates eventually leading to complete mineralization, as indicated by the results obtained with the High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique

BIOSSORVENTE DO PÓ DO MANDACARU (CEREUS JAMACARU DC) HIDROFOBIZADO PARA REMOÇÃO DE DIESEL EM CASOS DE DERRAMAMENTO

The spill of oil and its derivatives in water and soil has been a challenge in the world for decades due to the high toxicity and mobility of hydrocarbons. One of the most efficient methods to minimize this type of contamination is the use of sorrtion processes. Currently, synthetic sorbents are the most used in oil spillage, due to their excellent oleophilic and hydrophobic properties. However, due to its high costs several researches have been seeking alternative sorbents. Biosorbents have stood out as an alternative method in the removal of organic contaminants, because in addition to being biodegradable, they present high natural availability, low cost, and a good sorption capacity. The aim of this research was to hydrophobe madacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) with Carnaúba wax for use as sorbent material in diesel removal in cases of spillage. The material was characterized by FTIR, TG/DTG, DSC, Mev, Wetability/Contact Angle techniques. Hydrophobicization significantly increased the affinity of the oil material with a contact angle with water of 94º; the micrographs and FTIR confirmed that the surfaces of the Mandacaru were covered by carnauba wax, and the sorption results for diesel were satisfactory without reducing the sorption capacity by hydrophobicization (1.65±0.01 g/g).El derrame de petróleo y sus derivados en agua y suelo ha sido un desafío en el mundo durante décadas debido a la alta toxicidad y movilidad de los hidrocarburos. Uno de los métodos más eficientes para minimizar este tipo de contaminación es el uso de procesos de sorción. Actualmente, los sorbentes sintéticos son los más utilizados en el derrame de petróleo, debido a sus excelentes propiedades oleofílicas e hidrofóbicas. Sin embargo, debido a sus altos costos, varias investigaciones han estado buscando sorbentes alternativos. Los biosorbentes han destacado como un método alternativo en la eliminación de contaminantes orgánicos, pues además de ser biodegradables, presentan alta disponibilidad natural, bajo costo, y una buena capacidad de sorción. El objetivo de esta investigación fue hidrofóbico madacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) con cera de Carnaúba para su uso como material sorbente en la eliminación de diesel en casos de derrame. El material se caracterizó mediante técnicas FTIR, TG/DTG, DSC, Mev, Wetability/Contact Angle. La hidrofobicización aumentó significativamente la afinidad del material oleoso con un ángulo de contacto con el agua de 94º; las micrografías y el FTIR confirmaron que las superficies del Mandacaru estaban cubiertas por cera de carnauba, y los resultados de sorción para el diesel fueron satisfactorios sin reducir la capacidad de sorción por hidrofobicización (1,65±0,01 g/g).O derramamento de petróleo e seus derivados na água e no solo tem sido um desafio no mundo há décadas, devido à alta toxicidade e mobilidade dos hidrocarbonetos. Um dos métodos mais eficiente para minimizar esse tipo de contaminação é o uso dos processos de sorção. Atualmente, os sorventes sintéticos são os mais utilizados em derramamento de óleos, devido às suas ótimas propriedades oleofílicas e hidrofóbicas. Entretanto, devido seus custos elevados diversas pesquisas vêm buscando sorventes alternativos. Os biosorventes vêm se destacando como método alternativo na remoção de contaminantes orgânicos, pois além de serem biodegradáveis, apresentam alta disponibilidade natural, baixo custo, e uma boa capacidade de sorção. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi hidrofobizar o Madacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) com a cera de Carnaúba para uso como material sorvente na remoção de diesel em casos de derramamento. O material foi caracterizado pelas técnicas FTIR, TG/DTG, DSC, MEV, Molhabilidade/Ângulo de contato. A hidrofobização aumentou significativamente a afinidade do material por óleo com um ângulo de contato com a água de 94º; as micrografias e FTIR confirmaram que as superfícies do Mandacaru foram cobertas por cera de carnaúba, e os resultados de sorção para diesel foram satisfatórios sem diminuição da capacidade de sorção pela hidrofobização (1,65±0,01 g/g)

As vivências na atenção primária à saúde como indutora da formação generalista de cirurgiões-dentistas: uma revisão de literatura / Experiences in primary health care as a inducer of generalist training of dentists: a literature review

Sendo os cirurgiões-dentistas profissionais complementares às equipes no sistema de atenção primária à saúde (APS), sua formação deve englobar experiências práticas nesse setor, capacitando-os a atuação neste sistema. Nesse cenário, este estudo pretendeu analisar se a APS pode atuar como indutora da formação generalista desta classe de trabalhadores. Para tanto, utilizou-se a metodologia revisional da literatura partindo-se de descritores utilizados em quatro bases de dados, buscando por artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Esta busca resultou em quatro artigos inseridos por busca primária e oito por análise secundária, oriundas das referências primárias. Os textos encontram como um fator em comum o ponto de que a APS incita o trabalho multiprofissional, estimulando os profissionais a desenvolverem novos saberes a partir do envolvimento com outras áreas do conhecimento em saúde humana

Estudo de inibidores de corrosão em concreto armado, visando a melhoria na sua durabilidade

This thesis has as objective presents a methodology to evaluate the behavior of the corrosion inhibitors sodium nitrite, sodium dichromate and sodium molybdate, as well as your mixture, the corrosion process for the built-in steel in the reinforced concrete, through different techniques electrochemical, as well as the mechanical properties of that concrete non conventional. The addition of the inhibitors was studied in the concrete in the proportions from 0.5 to 3.5 % regarding the cement mass, isolated or in the mixture, with concrete mixture proportions of 1.0:1.5:2.5 (cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate), superplasticizers 2.0 % and 0.40 water/cement ratio. In the modified concrete resistance rehearsals they were accomplished to the compression, consistence and the absorption of water, while to analyze the built-in steel in the concrete the rehearsals of polarization curves they were made. They were also execute, rehearsals of corrosion potential and polarization resistance with intention of diagnose the beginning of the corrosion of the armors inserted in body-of-proof submitted to an accelerated exhibition in immersion cycle and drying to the air. It was concluded, that among the studied inhibitors sodium nitrite , in the proportion of 2.0 % in relation to the mass of the cement, presented the best capacity of protection of the steel through all the studied techniques and that the methodology and the monitoring techniques used in this work, they were shown appropriate to evaluate the behavior and the efficiency of the inhibitorsPetróleo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRASEsta tese tem como objetivo apresentar uma metodologia para avaliar o comportamento dos inibidores de corrosão nitrito de sódio, molibdato de sódio, dicromato de sódio, bem como a suas misturas, no processo de corrosão para o aço embutido no concreto armado, através de diferentes técnicas eletroquímicas, bem como as propriedades mecânicas desse concreto não convencional. Estudou-se a adição dos inibidores no concreto nas proporções de 0,5 a 3,5 % em relação à massa do cimento, isolados e em mistura, num traço 1,0:1,5:2,5 (cimento, areia e brita), superplastificante 2,0 % e relação água/cimento 0,40. No concreto modificado foram realizados ensaios de resistência à compressão, consistência e a absorção de água, enquanto que para analisar o aço embutido no concreto foram efetuados ensaios de curvas de polarização. Foram executados também ensaios de potencial de corrosão e resistência de polarização com intuito de diagnosticar o início da corrosão das armaduras inseridas em corpos-de-prova submetidos a uma exposição acelerada em ciclo de imersão e secagem ao ar. Concluiu-se que, dentre os inibidores estudados, o nitrito de sódio, na proporção de 2,0 % em relação à massa do cimento, apresentou a melhor capacidade de proteção do aço através de todas as técnicas estudadas e que a metodologia e as técnicas de monitoramento utilizadas neste trabalho mostraram-se adequadas para avaliar o comportamento e a eficiência dos inibidore

Development of a Zeolite A/LDH Composite for Simultaneous Cation and Anion Removal

Wastewater from the oil industry is a major problem for aqueous environments due to its complexity and estimated volume of approximately 250 million barrels per day. The combination of these petroleum pollutants creates risks to human health, and their removal from the environment is considered a major problem in the world today. Thus, this work has the objective of studying the treatment of this type of effluent through the adsorption method using the following exchange materials: cationic, anionic, their combination by a sequential method, and a composite material. Zeolite A, a layered double hydroxide (LDH), and the new composite material formed by zeolite A and LDH structures were synthesized for this study. All were used for the simultaneous treatment of cations and anions in a complex sample such as water produced from petroleum production. The composite demonstrated an excellent ability to simultaneously remove cations and anions. The results obtained after the different treatment modes of the effluent using different materials varied from 85% to 100% for the removal of cations and from 56% to 99.7% for the removal of anions

Evaluation of Thermally Treated Calotropis Procera Fiber for the Removal of Crude Oil on the Water Surface

Biosorbents have been highlighted as an alternative method for the removal of contaminants from spills or leaks of oil and its derivatives, since they are biodegradable, are highly available, low-cost, and have a good sorption capacity. This research investigated the sorption capacity of Calotropis procera fiber in natura (CP) and thermally treated (150 °C and 200 °C) for crude oil removal and recovery. The oil sorption tests were carried out in a dry and water (layer) static systems. The assays revealed that CP fiber has excellent hydrophobic-oil properties and good crude oil sorption capacity, about 75 times its own weight (76.32 g/g). The results of the treated fibers, CPT150 and CPT200, showed oil sorption capacities (in 24 h) higher than CP, between 94.31–103.37 g/g and 124.60–180.95 g/g, respectively. The results from sample CPT200 showed that it can be an excellent biosorbent for the removal of crude oil and other derivatives due to its high hydrophobicity, great reuse/resorption capacity, and ability to retain oil within the fiber lumens. Thus, it can be applied in the recovery, cleaning, and removal of petroleum products and its derivatives from spills and leaks in the future

DESIGN GRÃFICO DA PLUMA DE CONTAMINAÃÃO POR VOC EM UM POSTO REVENDEDOR DE COMBUSTÃVEL EM NATAL

Este trabalho trata-se de um estudo de caso sobre a investigação do passivo ambiental em um posto revendedor de combustíveis utilizando um método de screening qualitativo para detectar a contaminação por hidrocarbonetos. Para obter-se uma boa avaliação e interpretação dos resultados obtidos no campo, se fez necessário a representação tridimensional destes, através de um software CAD livre â o Google SketchUp - para representar graficamente as plumas de contaminação por compostos orgânicos voláteis. A partir destas ferramentas foi possível concluir que a contaminação não está localizada no atual Sistema de Armazenamento Subterrâneo de Combustível do empreendimento, mas que reflete o histórico passado em que foram removidos tanques não estanques de gasolina e diesel