H5N1 Virus Evolution in Europe—An Updated Overview

Since its emergence in South East Asia in 2003, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 has reportedly caused outbreaks in poultry and/or wild birds in 62 countries, of which 24 were in Europe. Interestingly, out of the many genetic clades circulating in Asia, the westward spread of HPAI A/H5N1 to Central Asia, the Middle East, Europe and Africa was dominated by one single clade, namely clade 2.2. In this paper, we review and update through phylogenetic and gene migrational analysis the information concerning the evolution and the molecular epidemiology of HPAI A/H5N1 on the European continent

Wissenswelten entdecken : Die Universitätsbibliothek Marburg

» Offen, modern, nutzernah « – so präsentiert sich die Universitätsbibliothek Marburg seit fast 500 Jahren. Als Bibliothek der Philipps-Universität Marburg trägt sie die Literatur- und Informationsversorgung einer forschungsstarken Volluniversität mit einem breiten Fächerspektrum. Sie unterstützt Studium, Forschung und Lehre durch eine Vielfalt unterschiedlicher Dienstleistungen und trägt zur Wissensbildung in Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit bei. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Wünsche und Anforderungen der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer, die die Bibliothek mit Leben füllen. Anspruchsvolle Aufgaben lassen sich am besten im Dialog erbringen. In diesem Sinne bilden Universitätsbibliothek und Bereichsbibliotheken ein Bibliothekssystem, das von jedem Standort leistungsstarke Services und den Anschluss an das elektronische Dienstleistungsangebot der Bibliothek bietet. Eine besondere Stellung nimmt der 2018 eröffnete Neubau der Universitätsbibliothek ein, der als moderner Lern- und Veranstaltungsort den Weg in die Zukunft sichert

Forskning og folkeoplysning

I anledning af Ole Rømer-Observatoriets 100 års jubilæum den 15. oktober 2011 udgiver Steno Museets Venner en bog, som for første gang giver en samlet fremstilling af observatoriets historie

Hilfsarbeiterin im Sommerschlußverkauf – Eine Analyse des Betriebsmilieus

[Abstract fehlt

Steno Museet bedst på nettet i 2001

Museet hjemmesider har fået en 1. præmie

Suitability of vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) for determining activities of three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs against enveloped viruses

BACKGROUND: A procedure for including activity against enveloped viruses in the post-contamination treatment of hands has been recommended, but so far no European standard is available to implement it. In 2004, the German Robert Koch-Institute (RKI) and the German Association for the Control of Virus Disease (DVV) suggested that vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) should be used as test viruses in a quantitative suspension test to determine the activity of a disinfectant against all enveloped viruses. METHODS: We have studied the activities of three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs (hand rub A, based on 45% propan-2-ol, 30% propan-1-ol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulfate; hand rub B, based on 80% ethanol; hand rub C, based on 95% ethanol) against vaccinia virus and BVDV, and in addition against four other clinically relevant enveloped viruses: herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, and human and avian influenza A virus. The hand rubs were challenged with different organic loads at exposure time of 15, 30 and 60 s. According to the guidelines of both BGA/RKI and DVV, and EN 14476:2005, the reduction of infectivity of each test virus was measured on appropriate cell lines using a quantitative suspension test. RESULTS: All three alcohol-based hand rubs reduced the infectivity of vaccinia virus and BVDV by ≥ 4 log(10)-steps within 15 s, irrespective of the type of organic load. Similar reductions of infectivity were seen against the other four enveloped viruses within 15 s in the presence of different types of organic load. CONCLUSION: Commonly used alcohol-based hand rubs with a total alcohol concentration ≥ 75% can be assumed to be active against clinically relevant enveloped viruses if they effectively reduce the infectivities of vaccinia virus and BVDV in a quantitative suspension test

Environmental factors contributing to the spread of H5N1 avian influenza in mainland China

Background: Since late 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by infection with H5N1 virus has led to the deaths of millions of poultry and more than 10 thousands of wild birds, and as of 18-March 2008, at least 373 laboratory-confirmed human infections with 236 fatalities, have occurred. The unrestrained worldwide spread of this disease has caused great anxiety about the potential of another global pandemic. However, the effect of environmental factors influencing the spread of HPAI H5N1 virus is unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: A database including incident dates and locations was developed for 128 confirmed HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds, as well as 21 human cases in mainland China during 2004-2006. These data, together with information on wild bird migration, poultry densities, and environmental variables (water bodies, wetlands, transportation routes, main cities, precipitation and elevation), were integrated into a Geographical Information System (GIS). A case-control design was used to identify the environmental factors associated with the incidence of the disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that minimal distance to the nearest national highway, annual precipitation and the interaction between minimal distance to the nearest lake and wetland, were important predictive environmental variables for the risk of HPAI. A risk map was constructed based on these factors. Conclusions/Significance: Our study indicates that environmental factors contribute to the spread of the disease. The risk map can be used to target countermeasures to stop further spread of the HPAI H5N1 at its source