The Library as Safe Space

Purpose: This chapter will explain how libraries define safe space through policies, procedures, and professional codes of ethics. The chapter will generate a history of the concept of libraries as safe space, will explain how libraries attempt to create safe spaces in physical and online environments, and will show how library practices both help and harm patrons in need of safe space. Design/methodology/approach: This chapter provides a review of the literature that illustrates how libraries provide safe space—or not—for their patrons. The author will deconstruct the ALA Code of Ethics and Bill of Rights to demonstrate how libraries remain heteronormative institutions that do not recognize the existence of diverse patrons or employees, and how this phenomenon manifests in libraries. Findings: Libraries, either through their physical construction or through policies and procedures, have become spaces for illegal activities and discrimination. Populations who would be most likely to use libraries often report barriers to access. Practical Implications: Libraries should revisit their policies and procedures, as well as assess their physical and online spaces, to determine whether or not they truly provide safe space for their patrons. While libraries can become safer spaces, they should clearly communicate what types of safety they actually provide. Originality/value: This chapter offers a critique of libraries as safe spaces, which will challenge popular opinions of libraries, and compel the profession to improve

The Community Land Model version 5 : description of new features, benchmarking, and impact of forcing uncertainty

The Community Land Model (CLM) is the land component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and is used in several global and regional modeling systems. In this paper, we introduce model developments included in CLM version 5 (CLM5), which is the default land component for CESM2. We assess an ensemble of simulations, including prescribed and prognostic vegetation state, multiple forcing data sets, and CLM4, CLM4.5, and CLM5, against a range of metrics including from the International Land Model Benchmarking (ILAMBv2) package. CLM5 includes new and updated processes and parameterizations: (1) dynamic land units, (2) updated parameterizations and structure for hydrology and snow (spatially explicit soil depth, dry surface layer, revised groundwater scheme, revised canopy interception and canopy snow processes, updated fresh snow density, simple firn model, and Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport), (3) plant hydraulics and hydraulic redistribution, (4) revised nitrogen cycling (flexible leaf stoichiometry, leaf N optimization for photosynthesis, and carbon costs for plant nitrogen uptake), (5) global crop model with six crop types and time‐evolving irrigated areas and fertilization rates, (6) updated urban building energy, (7) carbon isotopes, and (8) updated stomatal physiology. New optional features include demographically structured dynamic vegetation model (Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator), ozone damage to plants, and fire trace gas emissions coupling to the atmosphere. Conclusive establishment of improvement or degradation of individual variables or metrics is challenged by forcing uncertainty, parametric uncertainty, and model structural complexity, but the multivariate metrics presented here suggest a general broad improvement from CLM4 to CLM5

Beam Request Spin-Filtering Studies at COSY

Summary of experiment: We report on the progress of the PAX experimental program since the last PAC meeting. During two blocks of each three weeks beam development intercepted by two weeks of maintenance, systematic machine studies have been carried out. An effective procedure for setting up the machine with the low-β section and a target cell at the new PAX-IP in order to achieve high beam lifetimes has been developed. The effect of flow-limiters and one NEG-pump on the beam lifetime has been studied, as well as the effect of different beam emittances and beam intensities on the beam lifetime. Even though by increasing the beam emittance a reproducible maximum for the beam lifetime was achievable, no effect of the beam intensity was seen and therefore no clear observation of the so-called Touschek-effect was possible. Nevertheless, we learned how to gain a sufficient beam lifetime for spin-filtering studies at COSY and apply for 3 weeks of beam development followed by 4 weeks of beam time

Status Report and Beam-Time Request for COSY experiment #199 Spin–Filtering Studies at COSY

We report on the progress of the PAX experimental programme since the last PAC meeting. During summer shutdown 2009 four new quadrupole magnets and a modified vacuum system have been installed into the COSY ring to form a section with low β functions. With the successful commissioning of this low-β insertion in January 2010 it has also been discovered that intra-beam scattering effects are likely limiting the beam lifetime. In order to get these effects under control and to improve the lifetime, to commission a new detection system, and to finally perform a first series of spin–filtering measurements with transverse polarisation, we request ten weeks of beam time. Content

Spin-Filtering Studies at COSY

We propose to use an internal polarised target in the COSY ring to determine the polarisation build–up in a proton beam. Spin–filtering experiments at COSY would provide the necessary data to test our present understanding of spin–filtering processes in storage rings. Measurements of the polarisation build–up of stored protons are crucial to progress towards the PAX goal to eventually produce stored polarised antiproton beams. The availability of intense stored beams of polarised antiprotons will provide access to a wealth of single– and double–spin observables, opening a new window on QCD spin physics. It is planned to realise this experimental programme at the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany. A recent experiment at COSY revealed that e~p spin–flip cross sections are too small to cause a detectable depolarisation of a stored proton beam. This measurement rules out a proposal to use polarised electrons to polarise a proton beam by ~ep spin–flip interactions. Thus, our approach to provide a beam of polarised protons is based on spin–filtering using an internal polarised gas target. In total 22 weeks of beam time are needed to complete the experimental program at COSY. We now ask for two weeks of beam time for commissioning of the low–β section and measuring the machine acceptance