Nonlinear Hamiltonian dynamics of Lagrangian transport and mixing in the ocean

Methods of dynamical system's theory are used for numerical study of transport and mixing of passive particles (water masses, temperature, salinity, pollutants, etc.) in simple kinematic ocean models composed with the main Eulerian coherent structures in a randomly fluctuating ocean -- a jet-like current and an eddy. Advection of passive tracers in a periodically-driven flow consisting of a background stream and an eddy (the model inspired by the phenomenon of topographic eddies over mountains in the ocean and atmosphere) is analyzed as an example of chaotic particle's scattering and transport. A numerical analysis reveals a nonattracting chaotic invariant set $\Lambda$ that determines scattering and trapping of particles from the incoming flow. It is shown that both the trapping time for particles in the mixing region and the number of times their trajectories wind around the vortex have hierarchical fractal structure as functions of the initial particle's coordinates. Scattering functions are singular on a Cantor set of initial conditions, and this property should manifest itself by strong fluctuations of quantities measured in experiments. The Lagrangian structures in our numerical experiments are shown to be similar to those found in a recent laboratory dye experiment at Woods Hole. Transport and mixing of passive particles is studied in the kinematic model inspired by the interaction of a jet current (like the Gulf Stream or the Kuroshio) with an eddy in a noisy environment. We demonstrate a non-trivial phenomenon of noise-induced clustering of passive particles and propose a method to find such clusters in numerical experiments. These clusters are patches of advected particles which can move together in a random velocity field for comparatively long time

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Monitoring of adverse reactions on medicines in children in the Russian federation

Objective of the research - to study safety of medicinal preparations (MP) for children by analyzing a Roszdravnadzor national database of spontaneous reports (SR). This study includes a retrospective analysis of 467 primary SR on severe adverse reactions (AR) in children recorded to database in 2015. Children of preschool age have higher risk of medical therapy complications. Most frequently, skin and whole body (38,7% and 21,1%, respectively) were involved in the pathological process. Unexpected AR were identified in children in 10,8% of cases. They were often caused by antimicrobial system action drugs (43,8%) and drugs for nervous system treatment (26,1%). SR method allows to obtain new information about MP safety in the pediatric population, and to develop measures to reduce risks of medical therapy. © 2017, Pediatria Ltd. All rights reserved

Off-label structure of drugs prescription for children: An analysis of the Russian spontaneous reports database

The use of medicinal products (MP) with contraventions of officially approved instructions regulations (off-label), especially in pediatrics, is an actual problem of health care. This article studies MP off-label use structure in children and role of such drugs use in development of serious adverse reactions (AR), on the basis of Russian spontaneous reports database analysis. The results confirm that off -label MP prescription is an independent factor for AR developing risk. The study proved that spontaneous reports method is effective in studying of medicines use security problems and allows to develop recommendations that can significantly reduce the risk of pharmacotherapy complications, including in pediatric patients. © 2016, Pediatria Ltd. All rights reserved

Preliminary results of the joint Russian-Norwegian airborne research of the Barents Sea in September-October 2002

The conclusions given below are preliminary and will be refined after detailed processing of materials and data gained. 1. Large aggregations of harp seals were observed mostly in the near ice-edge zone, which was north of the distribution of capelin. 2. Aggregations of other marine mammals were recorded in the areas to the south and southeast of the Spitsbergen Archipelago, where data from vessel surveys showed a high biomass of capelin. 3. Data from this survey indicate that there is a relationship between distribution of capelin, and marine mammals and seabirds. Hence, materials and data on distribution of marine mammals and birds acquired during the aerial surveys are consistent with data from vessel-based surveys for capelin and other pelagic fish, and in some cases refine or supplement them. Cooperation and expeditious exchange of data between airborne and vessel surveys are of particular importance when doing aerial research, as it is not always possible to identify a food item in the areas of aggregations of marine mammals and seabirds. Airborne survey allows detecting rather precisely and quickly the potential prey concentrations, primarily capelin that is close to the sea surface, as well as observing marine mammals

Различия в инструкциях как причина ошибок при применении лекарственных препаратов

Contradictions in drug labeling texts for various medicinal products with the same active substance can cause medication errors. We found discrepancies in the Russian drug labeling texts for cefotaxime and oral forms of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 500 + 125 mg. We analyzed the Russian database of spontaneous reports. In 18.5% spontaneous reports with cefotaxime as a suspected drug and in 22.0% spontaneous reports with amoxicillin/clavulanate in forms for an oral administration as a suspected drug we detected medication errors resulted from deviations from those items of approved drug labels which were not harmonized for different drug manufacturers. Such problems require the participation of regulatory authorities in order to eliminate existing discrepancies.Расхождение информации в отдельных разделах инструкций по медицинскому применению лекарственных препаратов с одним действующим веществом но разных производителей сопровождается риском совершения медицинских ошибок. В инструкциях по применению лекарственных препаратов с действующим веществом цефотаксим и пероральных форм препаратов с действующим веществом амоксициллин/ клавулановая кислота в дозировке 500+125 мг имелись различия. При этом при анализе спонтанных сообщений, поступивших в российскую национальную базу данных, в 18,5% извещений о нежелательных реакциях при применении цефотаксима, и 22,0% извещений о нежелательных реакциях при применении пероральных форм амоксициллина/клавуланата, 500+125 мг, были выявлены ошибки, которые заключались в несоблюдении тех пунктов инструкций, информация в которых не была унифицирована. Подобные проблемы требуют участия регуляторных органов для устранения существующих противоречий

Monitoring of adverse reactions on medicines in children in the Russian federation

Objective of the research - to study safety of medicinal preparations (MP) for children by analyzing a Roszdravnadzor national database of spontaneous reports (SR). This study includes a retrospective analysis of 467 primary SR on severe adverse reactions (AR) in children recorded to database in 2015. Children of preschool age have higher risk of medical therapy complications. Most frequently, skin and whole body (38,7% and 21,1%, respectively) were involved in the pathological process. Unexpected AR were identified in children in 10,8% of cases. They were often caused by antimicrobial system action drugs (43,8%) and drugs for nervous system treatment (26,1%). SR method allows to obtain new information about MP safety in the pediatric population, and to develop measures to reduce risks of medical therapy. © 2017, Pediatria Ltd. All rights reserved

Distribution and number of marine mammals in the open Barents Sea and their connection with capelin and polar cod distribution [presentation]

This paper presents the data on the character of distribution and the assessment of the number of marine mammals in the open part of the Barents Sea in autumn 2001-2004 by the results from PINRO’s aerial surveys using the airborne laboratory AN-26 “Arktika” and the annual joint Russian-Norwegian vessel ecosystem survey for pelagic fish including capelin and polar cod. The aerial surveys were carried out being combined with the vessel surveys and their tacks coincided or crossed in several points

Off-label structure of drugs prescription for children: An analysis of the Russian spontaneous reports database

The use of medicinal products (MP) with contraventions of officially approved instructions regulations (off-label), especially in pediatrics, is an actual problem of health care. This article studies MP off-label use structure in children and role of such drugs use in development of serious adverse reactions (AR), on the basis of Russian spontaneous reports database analysis. The results confirm that off -label MP prescription is an independent factor for AR developing risk. The study proved that spontaneous reports method is effective in studying of medicines use security problems and allows to develop recommendations that can significantly reduce the risk of pharmacotherapy complications, including in pediatric patients. © 2016, Pediatria Ltd. All rights reserved