Parkin-independent mitophagy controls chemotherapeutic response in cancer cells

Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that selectively targets impaired mitochondria for degradation. Defects in mitophagy are often associated with diverse pathologies, including cancer. Because the main known regulators of mitophagy are frequently inactivated in cancer cells, the mechanisms that regulate mitophagy in cancer cells are not fully understood. Here, we identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase (ARIH1/HHARI) that triggers mitophagy in cancer cells in a PINK1-dependent manner. We found that ARIH1/HHARI polyubiquitinates damaged mitochondria, leading to their removal via autophagy. Importantly, ARIH1 is widely expressed in cancer cells, notably in breast and lung adenocarcinomas; ARIH1 expression protects against chemotherapy-induced death. These data challenge the view that the main regulators of mitophagy are tumor suppressors, arguing instead that ARIH1-mediated mitophagy promotes therapeutic resistance

Mapping Drug Interactions at the Covalent Topoisomerase II-DNA Complex by Bisantrene/Amsacrine Congeners *

To identify structural determinants for the sequence-specific recognition of covalent topoisomerase II-DNA complexes by anti-cancer drugs, we investigated a number of bisantrene congeners, including a 10-azabioisoster, bearing one or two 4, 5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl hydrazone side chains at positions 1, 4, or 9 of the anthracene ring system. The studied bisantrene/amsacrine (m-AMSA) hybrid and bisantrene isomers were able to poison DNA topoisomerase II with an intermediate activity between those of bisantrene and m-AMSA. Moving the side chain from the central to a lateral ring (from C-9 to C-1/C-4) only slightly modified the drug DNA affinity, whereas it dramatically affected local base preferences of poison-stimulated DNA cleavage. In contrast, switching the planar aromatic systems of bisantrene and m-AMSA did not substantially alter the sequence specificity of drug action. A computer-assisted steric and electrostatic alignment analysis of the test compounds was in agreement with the experimental data, since a common pharmacophore was shared by bisantrene, m-AMSA, and 9-substituted analogs, whereas the 1-substituted isomer showed a radically changed pharmacophoric structure. Thus, the relative space occupancy and electron distribution of putative DNA binding (aromatic rings) and enzyme binding (side chains) moieties are fundamental in directing the specific action of topoisomerase II poisons and in determining the poison pharmacophore

Mitochondrial permeabilization engages NF-κB-dependent anti-tumour activity under caspase deficiency

Apoptosis represents a key anti-cancer therapeutic effector mechanism. During apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) typically kills cells even in the absence of caspase activity. Caspase activity can also have a variety of unwanted consequences that include DNA damage. We therefore investigated whether MOMP-induced caspase-independent cell death (CICD) might be a better way to kill cancer cells. We find that cells undergoing CICD display potent pro-inflammatory effects relative to apoptosis. Underlying this, MOMP was found to stimulate NF-κB activity through the downregulation of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Strikingly, engagement of CICD displays potent anti-tumorigenic effects, often promoting complete tumour regression in a manner dependent on intact immunity. Our data demonstrate that by activating NF-κB, MOMP can exert additional signalling functions besides triggering cell death. Moreover, they support a rationale for engaging caspase-independent cell death in cell-killing anti-cancer therapies

Autophagy suppresses the formation of hepatocyte-derived cancer-initiating ductular progenitor cells in the liver

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is driven by repeated rounds of inflammation, leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, ultimately, cancer. A critical step in HCC formation is the transition from fibrosis to cirrhosis, which is associated with a change in the liver parenchyma called ductular reaction. Here, we report a genetically engineered mouse model of HCC driven by loss of macroautophagy and hemizygosity of phosphatase and tensin homolog, which develops HCC involving ductular reaction. We show through lineage tracing that, following loss of autophagy, mature hepatocytes dedifferentiate into biliary-like liver progenitor cells (ductular reaction), giving rise to HCC. Furthermore, this change is associated with deregulation of yes-associated protein and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif transcription factors, and the combined, but not individual, deletion of these factors completely reverses the dedifferentiation capacity and tumorigenesis. These findings therefore increase our understanding of the cell of origin of HCC development and highlight new potential points for therapeutic intervention

DRAM-1 is required for mTORC1 activation by facilitating lysosomal amino acid efflux

Sensing nutrient availability is essential for appropriate cellular growth, and mTORC1 is a major regulator of this process. Mechanisms causing mTORC1 activation are, however, complex and diverse. We report here an additional important step in the activation of mTORC1, which regulates the efflux of amino acids from lysosomes into the cytoplasm. This process requires DRAM-1, which binds the membrane carrier protein SCAMP3 and the amino acid transporters SLC1A5 and LAT1, directing them to lysosomes and permitting efficient mTORC1 activation. Consequently, we show that loss of DRAM-1 also impacts pathways regulated by mTORC1, including insulin signaling, glycemic balance, and adipocyte differentiation. Interestingly, although DRAM-1 can promote autophagy, this effect on mTORC1 is autophagy independent, and autophagy only becomes important for mTORC1 activation when DRAM-1 is deleted. These findings provide important insights into mTORC1 activation and highlight the importance of DRAM-1 in growth control, metabolic homeostasis, and differentiation

A Deep Learning Approach Validates Genetic Risk Factors for Late Toxicity After Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy in a REQUITE Multi-National Cohort.

Background: REQUITE (validating pREdictive models and biomarkers of radiotherapy toxicity to reduce side effects and improve QUalITy of lifE in cancer survivors) is an international prospective cohort study. The purpose of this project was to analyse a cohort of patients recruited into REQUITE using a deep learning algorithm to identify patient-specific features associated with the development of toxicity, and test the approach by attempting to validate previously published genetic risk factors. Methods: The study involved REQUITE prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy who had complete 2-year follow-up. We used five separate late toxicity endpoints: ≥grade 1 late rectal bleeding, ≥grade 2 urinary frequency, ≥grade 1 haematuria, ≥ grade 2 nocturia, ≥ grade 1 decreased urinary stream. Forty-three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) already reported in the literature to be associated with the toxicity endpoints were included in the analysis. No SNP had been studied before in the REQUITE cohort. Deep Sparse AutoEncoders (DSAE) were trained to recognize features (SNPs) identifying patients with no toxicity and tested on a different independent mixed population including patients without and with toxicity. Results: One thousand, four hundred and one patients were included, and toxicity rates were: rectal bleeding 11.7%, urinary frequency 4%, haematuria 5.5%, nocturia 7.8%, decreased urinary stream 17.1%. Twenty-four of the 43 SNPs that were associated with the toxicity endpoints were validated as identifying patients with toxicity. Twenty of the 24 SNPs were associated with the same toxicity endpoint as reported in the literature: 9 SNPs for urinary symptoms and 11 SNPs for overall toxicity. The other 4 SNPs were associated with a different endpoint. Conclusion: Deep learning algorithms can validate SNPs associated with toxicity after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The method should be studied further to identify polygenic SNP risk signatures for radiotherapy toxicity. The signatures could then be included in integrated normal tissue complication probability models and tested for their ability to personalize radiotherapy treatment planning

Crossroad between metabolism and immunity in cancer treatment

Il est connu depuis de nombreuses années que le métabolisme des cellules cancéreuses diffère de celui des cellules saines. La Restriction Calorique (RC) est connue pour prolonger la durée de vie et pour limiter l’oncogenèse. Ainsi, il a été montré que la RC et ses mimétiques comme le 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) augmentent l’efficacité de la chimiothérapie et peuvent aussi induire une immunité anti-tumorale. J’ai pu montrer qu’en régulant le métabolisme via la restriction calorique (ou des mimétiques) nous pouvions moduler l’expression de la protéine anti-apoptotique Mcl-1. Ainsi nous avons établi in vivo et in vitro que la RC restaure la sensibilité des cellules de lymphome à l’apoptose induite par un inhibiteur de Bcl-2/XL, l’ABT-737. Nous avons aussi établi que ces effets sont indépendants de la protéine p53 et/ou des « protéines BH3-only ». La deuxième partie de mon travail a été d’élucider les mécanismes moléculaires mis en place lors de la Chimiothérapie Hyperthermique Intra péritonéale (CHIP) pouvant expliquer les effets bénéfiques observés chez les patients atteints d’une carcinose péritonéale (CP). Une partie de ces bénéfices sont dus à la mise en place d’une immunité anti-tumorale. En utilisant des modèles in vivo et in vitro j’ai mis en évidence l’implication de la protéine du choc thermique 90 (Hsp90) dans l’effet observé. Ainsi, l’inhibition spécifique de la Hsp90 réverse les effets protecteurs de la CHIP, soulignant l’importance de cette protéine dans notre modèle d’immunité anti-tumorale.The link between cell metabolism and cancer at the cellular level has long been known. Caloric restriction (CR) is known to prolong lifespan and to protect from cancer incidence. The molecular mechanisms involved in these benefic effects have been evaluated and may offer new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, CR and CR-mimetics such as 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) has been shown to enhance chemotherapy efficiency and to induce an anti-cancer immune response. During the period of my PhD I demonstrated how the modulation of metabolism through caloric restriction or through its mimetics could significantly reduce the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and sensitize lymphoma-bearing mice to apoptosis induced by a Bcl-2/XL inhibitor, ABT-737. We have demonstrated that CR can control Mcl-1 translation and sensitize cells to ABT-737-induced death regardless of the presence or absence of p53 and/or of the main “BH3-only proteins”. Then, I focused on deciphering the molecular mechanisms allowing the Hyper-thermic Intra-Peritoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) to be beneficial to patients suffering from peritoneal carcinomatosis. Part of the protective effect was mediated through the induction of an efficient anti-cancer immune response. Next, I showed the involvement of heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90) in the observed effect. Indeed, when Hsp90 was blocked we lost the protection induced by the HIPEC-treated cells, therefore underling the role of Hsp90 in this HIPEC-dependent induction of anti-cancer immune response

Mathematical modelling, analysis and numerical approximation of second order elliptic problems with inclusions

Many biological and geological systems can be modelled as porous media with small inclusions. Vascularized tissue, roots embedded in soil or fractured rocks are examples of such systems. In these applications, tissue, soil or rocks are considered to be porous media, while blood vessels, roots or fractures form small inclusions. To model flow pro- cesses in thin inclusions, one-dimensional (1D) models of Darcy- or Poiseuille type have been used, whereas Darcy-equations of higher dimension have been considered for the flow processes within the porous matrix. A coupling between flow in the porous matrix and the inclusions can be achieved by setting suitable source terms for the corresponding models, where the source term of the higher-dimensional model is concentrated on the centre lines of the inclusions. In this paper, we investigate an alternative coupling scheme. Here, the source term lives on the boundary of the inclusions. By doing so, we lift the dimension by one and thus increase the regularity of the solution. We show that this model can be derived from a full-dimensional model and the occurring modelling errors are estimated. Furthermore, we prove the well-posedness of the variational formulation and discuss the convergence behaviour of standard finite element methods with respect to this model. Our theoretical results are confirmed by numerical tests. Finally, we demonstrate how the new coupling concept can be used to simulate stationary flow through a capillary network embedded in a biological tissue