Wealth, Social Protection Programs, and Child Labor in Colombia: A Cross-sectional Study

This article has 3 main objectives: (1) to assess the prevalence of child labor in Colombia, (2) to identify factors associated with child labor, and (3) to determine whether social protection programs have an association with the prevalence of child labor in the country. Using a cross-sectional study with data from the Colombian Demographic and Health Survey 2010, a working child was defined as a child who worked during the week prior to the survey in an activity other than household chores. Through descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariate regressions, it was found that child labor was associated with gender (boys were more likely to work), older age, ethnicity (children from indigenous communities were more likely to be workers), school dropout, disability (children with disabilities were less likely to be working), subsidized health social security system membership, and lower number of years of mother’s schooling. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that children beneficiaries of the subsidy Familias en Acción were less likely to be working and that social protection programs were more effective to reduce child labor when targeting the lowest wealth quintiles of the Colombian population. © The Author(s) 2018

Efecto de leguminosas forrajeras tropicales en el contenido de nitrógeno de algunas gramíneas

Pastos y forraje

FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Regression Modeling as a Preliminary Approach for Carotenoids Determination in Cucurbita spp

Quantitative analysis of carotenoids has been extensively reported using UV\u2010Vis spectrophotometry and chromatography, instrumental techniques that require complex extraction protocols with organic solvents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a potential alternative for simplifying the analysis of food constituents. In this work, the application of FTIR with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) was evaluated for the determination of total carotenoid content (TCC) in Cucurbita spp. samples. Sixty\u2010three samples, belonging to different cultivars of butternut squash (C. moschata) and pumpkin (C. maxima), were selected and analyzed with FTIR\u2010 ATR (attenuated total reflectance). Three different preparation protocols for samples were followed: homogenization (A), freeze\u2010drying (B), and solvent extraction (C). The recorded spectra were used to develop regression models by Partial Least Squares (PLS), using data from TCC, determined by UV\u2010Vis spectrophotometry. The PLS regression model obtained with the FTIR data from the freeze\u2010dried samples, using the spectral range 920\u20133000 cm 121, had the best figures of merit (R2CAL of 0.95, R2PRED of 0.93 and RPD of 3.78), being reliable for future application in agriculture. This approach for carotenoid determination in pumpkin and squash avoids the use of organic solvents. Moreover, these results are a rationale for further exploring this technique for the assessment of specific carotenoids in food matrices

La Formación de Utrillas en el borde sur de la cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica: aspectos estratigráficos, mineralógicos y genéticos

The Utrillas formation, located in the southem border of the Basque-Cantabrian basin, is mainly composed of sandy materials deposited in a fluvial environment. Two informal units have been distinguished due to field data: a lower coarse-grained unit, interpreted as braider river channel-fills, and a upper fine-grained unit which suggests a meandering river environment. Mineralogy consists of quartz and phyllosilicates, with minor amounts of feldspars. The analysis of tourmalines has pointed two possible sources for these sediments: granitoids and low grade-metasediments. The identified clay minerals are mica and kaolinite. Texturals observations have pointed out an inherited origin for mica, while kaolinite is partly inherited and partly authigenic. This authigenic origin seems to be associated with the alteration of potassic feldspars during the stage of late diagenesis (telodiagenesis).La Formación de Utrillas, aflorante en el borde sur de la cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica, está formada por materiales mayoritariamente areniscosos depositados en un ambiente fluvial. Los datos de campo han permitido distinguir de una manera informal dos unidades: una inferior de granulometría gruesa, representativa de un relleno de canal de tipo trenzado, y una superior más fina que sugiere un entorno de río meandriforme. La mineralogía está compuesta por cuarzo y filosilicatos, con cantidades menores de feldespatos. Como mineral accesorio aparece la turmalina, cuyo análisis ha permitido identificar dos posibles fuentes para los sedimentos: granitoides y metasedimentos de bajo grado. Los minerales de la arcilla presentes son exclusivamente la mica y la caolinita. A partir de criterios texturales, se ha constatado que la mica es de origen heredado, mientras que la caolinita es en parte heredada o bien autigénica, estando asociada a la alteración de feldespato potásico en una etapa de diagénesis tardía (telodiagénesis)

UNC-Corpus Corpus de diagramas UML para la solución de problemas de completitud en ingeniería de software

Computational corpora are used as tools in Natural Language Processing (NLP) to solve disambiguation, translation and automated text generation problems. In order to complete these tasks, the main feature of computational corpora (the fact that they have proven uses of a language) is combined with statistical analysis along with information extraction methods based on neural networks or genetic algorithms. In software engineering, there is no evidence supporting the use of diagram computational corpora. Diagram repositories have a similar application working with real examples of diagrams (mainly for reuse purposes), but without using neither statistics nor heuristic methods for information extraction. In this paper, the UNC-Corpus, a tool for managing a corpus of UML (Unified Modelling Language) diagrams, which applies NPL traditional techniques in order to solve completeness problems in software engineering, is proposed.Los corpus computacionales se utilizan como apoyo en el procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN) para resolver problemas de desambiguación, traducción y generación automática de textos, entre otras funciones. Para ello, se explota la característica principal de los corpus (el hecho de que poseen usos comprobados de un lenguaje) y se combina con análisis estadísticos y métodos de extracción de información basados en redes neuronales o algoritmos genéticos. En ingeniería de software, no existe evidencia del uso de corpus computacionales de diagramas. Un uso similar lo constituyen los repositorios de diagramas, que suelen manejar ejemplos reales de diagramas, especialmente para reutilización, pero sin usar la estadística o los métodos heurísticos para la extracción de información. En este artículo, se propone UNC-Corpus, una herramienta para el manejo de un corpus de diagramas construidos en el Lenguaje Unificado de Modelado UML, que aplica técnicas tradicionales de PLN en la solución de problemas de completitud en la ingeniería de software

UNC-Corpus Corpus de diagramas UML para la solución de problemas de completitud en ingeniería de software

Los corpus computacionales se utilizan como apoyo en el procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN) para resolver problemas de desambiguación, traducción y generación automática de textos, entre otras funciones. Para ello, se explota la característica principal de los corpus (el hecho de que poseen usos comprobados de un lenguaje) y se combina con análisis estadísticos y métodos de extracción de información basados en redes neuronales o algoritmos genéticos. En ingeniería de software, no existe evidencia del uso de corpus computacionales de diagramas. Un uso similar lo constituyen los repositorios de diagramas, que suelen manejar ejemplos reales de diagramas, especialmente para reutilización, pero sin usar la estadística o los métodos heurísticos para la extracción de información. En este artículo, se propone UNC-Corpus, una herramienta para el manejo de un corpus de diagramas construidos en el Lenguaje Unificado de Modelado UML, que aplica técnicas tradicionales de PLN en la solución de problemas de completitud en la ingeniería de software