Equal Rights for Zombies?: Phenomenal Consciousness and Responsible Agency

Intuitively, moral responsibility requires conscious awareness of what one is doing, and why one is doing it, but what kind of awareness is at issue? Neil Levy argues that phenomenal consciousness—the qualitative feel of conscious sensations—is entirely unnecessary for moral responsibility. He claims that only access consciousness—the state in which information (e.g., from perception or memory) is available to an array of mental systems (e.g., such that an agent can deliberate and act upon that information)—is relevant to moral responsibility. I argue that numerous ethical, epistemic, and neuroscientific considerations entail that the capacity for phenomenal consciousness is necessary for moral responsibility. I focus in particular on considerations inspired by P. F. Strawson, who puts a range of qualitative moral emotions—the reactive attitudes—front and center in the analysis of moral responsibility

A revision of Panicum sect. Dichotomiflora (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)

Panicum sect. Dichotomiflora comprises a complex of annual and perennial species, distributed all over the world. They are characterized by its glabrous, ellipsoid to ovoid or lanceolate spikelets, with the lower glume 1/6 to 1/4(-1/3) the length of the spikelet, nerveless to 3-nerved, and upper glume and lower lemma subequal, 7-11(-13)-nerved. A total of 20 species are recognized in the section: Panicum aquaticum, P. dichotomiflorum, P. gilvum, P. impeditum, P. lacustre, P. laevinode, P. luzonense, P. madipirense, P. mlahiense, P. obseptum, P. paludosum, P. perangustatum, P. pilgerianum, P. porphyrrhizos, P. schinzii, P. subalbidum, P. sublaeve, P. sumatrense, P. trichonode, and P. vaseyanum. Also, lectotypes are designated for Panicum hygrophilum, P. ingens, P. lacustre, P. longiramum, P. oryzetorum, P. madipirense, P. porphyrrhizos, P. praelongum, P. proliferum var. longijubatum, and P. telmatodes. A geographic analysis of the species is presented, together with illustrations, and a key for the species. Additional comments on morphology of sect. Dichotomiflora are also included.Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

A revision of Panicum sect. Dichotomiflora (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)

Panicum sect. Dichotomiflora comprises a complex of annual and perennial species, distributed all over the world. They are characterized by its glabrous, ellipsoid to ovoid or lanceolate spikelets, with the lower glume 1/6 to 1/4(-1/3) the length of the spikelet, nerveless to 3-nerved, and upper glume and lower lemma subequal, 7-11(-13)-nerved. A total of 20 species are recognized in the section: Panicum aquaticum, P. dichotomiflorum, P. gilvum, P. impeditum, P. lacustre, P. laevinode, P. luzonense, P. madipirense, P. mlahiense, P. obseptum, P. paludosum, P. perangustatum, P. pilgerianum, P. porphyrrhizos, P. schinzii, P. subalbidum, P. sublaeve, P. sumatrense, P. trichonode, and P. vaseyanum. Also, lectotypes are designated for Panicum hygrophilum, P. ingens, P. lacustre, P. longiramum, P. oryzetorum, P. madipirense, P. porphyrrhizos, P. praelongum, P. proliferum var. longijubatum, and P. telmatodes. A geographic analysis of the species is presented, together with illustrations, and a key for the species. Additional comments on morphology of sect. Dichotomiflora are also included.Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

Restauración de Astragalus trifoliatus (Fabaceae)

En esta contribución se intenta clarificar el nombre actual de una especie de Astragalus de Chile, inicialmente descripta como A. trifoliatus por Philippi y luego considerada por Spegazzini bajo A. valparidisiensis. Se concluye que el último nombre es superfluo, por lo que el nombre actual para esta especie endémica, y de distribución restringida, debe ser A. trifoliatus.This contribution intends to clarify the current name of a species of Astragalus from Chile, originally described as A. trifoliatus by Philippi and later considered by Spegazzini as A. valparadisiensis. We concluded that the latter name is a superfluous one, and that the current name of this endemic and restricted species should be A. trifoliatus.Fil: Teillier, S.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Decumbentes Group of Paspalum, Thrasya, and Thrasyopsis (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)

Paspalum (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) includes 330 species distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of America. Due to the large number of species and convergence in many characters, an adequate infrageneric classification is still needed. Studies on Paniceae based on molecular and morphological data have suggested that Paspalum is paraphyletic, including the genus Thrasya, but none of these analyses have included a representative sample of these two genera. In this study, phylogenetic relationships among the informal group Decumbentes of Paspalum, plus subgenera and other informal groups, and the genera Thrasya and Thrasyopsis were estimated. A cladistic analysis under parsimony was performed using a matrix of 50 taxa and 77 morphological and anatomical characters. Different analytical parameters were explored, equally weighing characters and employing implied weights by varying the concavity constant, k, from 1 to 12. Almost all analyses showed that species of the Decumbentes group and Thrasya form a natural group, supported by the presence of axillary peduncles in the upper foliar sheath, the upper glume slightly shorter than the spikelet, margins of the lower lemma plicate on the upper anthecium, and the upper anthecium without simple papillae. The position of Thrasyopsis is not clear because it varies within the different analyses. The most important clades are discussed as well as diagnostic characters usually employed to distinguish the genera

Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Historia, Presente y Futuro

Se desarrolla un balance histórico del Instituto de Botánica DArwinion (IBODA, CONICET-ANCEFN) desde su fundación en 1911 hasta 2014, presentado detalles de su fundación, estructura edilicia, colecciones botánicas y de la biblioteca, estructura y desarrollo del personal, proyectos institucionales, líneas de investigación y áreas funcionales del instituto. Finalmente se presenta una breve propuesta de gestión para los próximos años.Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Pozner, Raúl Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentin

Panicum (Poaceae)

Se presenta el tratamiento taxonómico de las especies del género Panicum (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae) que crecen en Colombia. Se presentan 30 especies y claves para su determinación; además, para las especies se incluyen algunas ilustraciones, usos, nombres vernáculos, números cromosómicos, vías fotosintéticas, distribución geográfica y altitudinal y algunas observaciones morfológicas y taxonómicas. Las especies colombianas de Panicum están incluidas en ocho secciones, entre las que la sect. Panicum es la más rica en especies (ocho spp.). Se registran cinco especies por primera vez para Colombia (P. exiguum, P. haenkeanum, P. hirticaule, P. miliaceum y P. stramineum).A systematic treatment of the species of the genus Panicum (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae) that grow in Colombia is presented. In the systematic treatment 30 species are described, commented, and keyed out. Illustrations, uses, geographic and altitudinal distribution, chromosome numbers, photosynthetic pathways, morphological and taxonomic comments, and popular names of the species are given. Eight sections of Panicum are included, which Panicum sect. Panicum (eight spp.), is the most richest section. Five species are recorded for the first time for Colombia (P. exiguum, P. haenkeanum, P. hirticaule, P. miliaceum, and P. stramineum).Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Guiraldo Cañas, Diego. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombi

Patrones de diversidad y estado de conservación de las crucíferas argentinas nativas (Brassicaceae)

Global warming, coupled with habitat destruction and human activity, are accelerating the rates of species extinction worldwide. Species-extinction risk assessment using the IUCN Red List categories, together with the study of the spatial patterns of biodiversity, are fundamental approaches for identifying conservation priorities and targeting government decisions to mitigate impacts on biodiversity. Here, we analyzed the geographic distribution of Argentinean species of Brassicaceae using species point distributional data. In this way, we classified species following the IUCN threat categories at a regional level, and analyzed patterns of richness, endemism, and threat on the different ecoregions and biomes of the country. In addition, we also explored differences in elevation, annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and aridity between endemic vs. non-endemic and threatened vs. non-threatened species. The results showed that of the 162 Argentinean taxa, 58 species were here categorized as threatened (VU, EN, or CR) (36%). However, when only endemics are considered, more than half of these (33 spp, 57%) are threatened. Although species inhabit all environments and biogeographic regions of the country, arid to semi-arid areas, which are associated to the Andes and the Patagonian Steppe, contained most of the species. Specifically, the Central Andean Puna and the Patagonian Steppe ecoregions included the greatest number of species, endemics, and threatened species. Furthermore, different hotspots of richness, endemism, and threat were detected along Andean regions and the Patagonian steppe, and endemics were characterized by inhabiting on average drier areas than non-endemic native species. An up-to-date species list, including conservation status, distribution maps for all species, hotspots of richness, endemism, and threat, are also provided. This work seeks to contribute to the knowledge on geographical patterns of the Argentinean flora and its conservation, complementing the information published in the Flora of Argentina.p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent }p.western { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US }p.cjk { font-family: "Noto Serif CJK SC"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: zh-CN }p.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: hi-IN }a:visited { color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline }a:link { color: #000080; text-decoration: underline }El calentamiento global junto con la destrucción de hábitats y la actividad humana están acelerando las tasas de extinción de especies en todo el mundo. La evaluación del riesgo de extinción de especies utilizando las categorías de la Lista Roja de la UICN, junto con el estudio de los patrones espaciales de la diversidad biológica, son enfoques fundamentales para determinar las prioridades de conservación y orientar las decisiones gubernamentales para mitigar los impactos en la diversidad biológica. En este trabajo analizamos la distribución geográfica de las especies argentinas pertenecientes a la familia Brassicaceae utilizando datos precisos sobre la distribución de las especies. De esta forma, determinamos su clasificación en las categorías de amenaza de la UICN a nivel regional, y analizamos los patrones de riqueza, endemismo y amenaza en las diferentes ecorregiones y biomas del país. Además, exploramos las diferencias en elevación, temperatura media anual, precipitación anual y aridez entre especies endémicas vs. no endémicas y amenazadas vs. no amenazadas. Los resultados muestran que de los 162 taxones argentinos, 58 especies fueron categorizadas aquí como amenazadas (VU, EN, o CR) (36%). Sin embargo, cuando se consideran sólo los endemismos, más de la mitad de las especies endémicas (33 spp, 57%) están amenazadas. Aunque las especies habitan en todos los ambientes y regiones biogeográficas del país, las zonas áridas y semiáridas asociadas a los Andes y la Estepa Patagónica contuvieron la mayoría de las especies. En particular, las ecorregiones de la Puna Central Andina y la Estepa Patagónica incluyeron el mayor número de especies, especies endémicas y especies amenazadas. A lo largo de las regiones andinas y de la estepa patagónica se detectaron diferentes zonas de elevada riqueza, endemismo y amenaza; las especies endémicas se caracterizaron por habitar zonas en promedio más secas que las especies nativas no endémicas. También se proporciona una lista actualizada de las especies con el estado de conservación, mapas de distribución de todas las especies y puntos de elevada riqueza, endemismo y amenaza. Este trabajo tiene por objeto contribuir al conocimiento de los patrones geográficos de la flora Argentina y a su conservación, complementando la información publicada en la Flora de la Argentina.Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

Estudio sistemático del género sudamericano Diplolepis (Apocynaceae).

A taxonomic treatment of the genus Diplolepis is here presented. Based on molecular and biogeographical information recently published, this group is monophyletic and its geographical distribution is restricted to southwestern South America. The study comprised the analysis of herbarium specimens including nomenclatural types, supplemented with collections and observation of species in the field. This paper describes the variation in the morphology of the genus, including habit, stems, leaves, inflorescence, calyx, corolla, corona, gynostegium, pollinia, fruits and seeds. The morphological and distributional differences between Diplolepis and related genera are discussed. A key to differentiate the species of the genus is here given. Within each species we provide the valid name, synonyms, description of vegetative and reproductive morphological characters, geographical distribution, ecology, uses, common names, phenology, iconography and specimens examined. A lectotype is designated for D. viridis. Keywords. Apocynaceae; Asclepiadoideae; morphology; South America; taxonomy.Fil: Hechem, Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque. Centenario. Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aores - CONICET -Instituto P; Argentina;Fil: Ezcurra, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnol.conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Invest.en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina;Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Instituto de Botanica Darwinion (i); Argentina

A phylogeny of Setaria (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae) and related genera based on the chloroplast gene ndhF

The genus Setaria is the largest genus in the so-called bristle clade, a monophyletic group of panicoid grasses distinguished by the presence of sterile branches, or bristles, in their inflorescences. The clade includes both foxtail millet and pearl millet, the latter an important cereal crop in dry parts of the world. Other members of the clade are weeds that are widespread agricultural pests. Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested that Setaria might not be monophyletic but did not have a large enough sample of species to test this rigorously. In addition, taxonomic studies have suggested a close relationship between Setaria and Paspalidium, with some authors combining them into a single genus, but molecular studies included too few Paspalidium accessions for a meaningful conclusion. Accordingly, we have produced 77 new sequences of the chloroplast gene ndhF for 52 species not in previous analyses. These were added to available sequences for 35 species in 10 genera of the bristle clade and four outgroup taxa. We find that Setaria species fall into several moderately to strongly supported clades that correlate with geography but not with the existing subgeneric classification. Relationships among these clades and among other genera within the bristle clade are unclear. Constraint experiments using the approximately unbiased test reject the monophyly of Pennisetum, Setaria, and Setaria plus Paspalidium, as well as several other groupings, although the test may be overly sensitive and prone to Type I error. The more conservative Shimodaira-Hasegawa test fails to reject monophyly of any of the tested clades.Fil: Kellogg, Elizabeth Anne. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: Aliscioni, Sandra Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. Cátedra de Botánica Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Morrone, Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Pensiero, Jose Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin