Ekspresi Reseptor Retinoid X (Α Dan Β) Dalam Diabetes Autoimun.

Mencit diabetes tanpa obes (NOD) adalah satu daripada model haiwan untuk penyakit diabetes autoimun The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an animal model of autoimmune diabete

Ekspresi Reseptor Retinoid X (Α Dan Β) Dalam Diabetes Autoimun [RC660. Z94 2005 f rb].

Mencit diabetes tanpa obes (NOD) adalah satu daripada model haiwan untuk penyakit diabetes autoimun, diabetes melitus jenis 1 (T1DM). The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an animal model of autoimmune diabetes, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) that spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes between the the ages of 9 to 30 weeks of life

ARCASIA CG to Malaysian CG: how it all started, where are we now and where are we going…….

The presentation is a follow-up of the task entrusted to PAM from ARCASIA Committee on Social Responsibility (ACSR) & ARCASIA Emergency Architect (AEA) as ARCASIA to localise the 13 ACGs to MyCGs -Malaysian Covid19/Pandemic Guidelines for the Built Environment on the 12 December 2020. For this CPD, the presentation provides the background of what happened in Malaysia and at the ARCASIA level, COVID19 Pandemic was declared by WHO on 30 January 2020. An insight to the spirit of the birth of 13 ACGs was clarified and how from 12/12/20 PAM in Malaysia protem committee-MyCGteam had progressed to include other pandemics. Although still in infancy, the presentation in the form of a dialogue invites the interested participant to join the team as researcher and contributor of ideas

Design response for emergency infectious disease health care facility in the eye of Covid-19: Malaysia's experience

The world was surprised by an unprecedented storm in late January 2020 of an infectious disease like SARs that emerged from Wuhan, Hubei in China-Coronavirus Disease 19 or Covid19. While China locked down their cities and race to build hospitals for the thousands infected, the world was still dumbfounded. Of guard, the disease had arrived on the shores through many gateways -land, sea and air. Suddenly the small incident of the mere three-person from China arriving in Malaysia and soon after Malaysians coming home from holidaying after Chinese New Year and others whom they have contacted along the way were infected at an alarming rate. While the Malaysian hospitals identified as Centres for Infectious Disease (CID) regionally can cope, the concentration of those infected by region and the nature of how the disease was developing was still new, requires new facilities for infectious disease to be on readiness nationwide. The Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM), through the PAM Committee for Social Responsibility, was approached by Mercy Malaysia to initiate the designs of field hospitals for infectious disease in urgency. However, there was no specific site nor a brief of requirements provided. So how should the institute respond in haste? Can previous knowledge and experience of similar occurrences by the small committee in command assist? This paper aims to share the experiences as architects in a non-government organisation (NGO), i.e. the institute of Malaysian architects-PAM, in readiness to prepare designs of infectious disease facilities for the Malaysian public health care system within the confinement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) period. This paper described and discuss the phenomena as a project management approach to achieve the objectives in the provision of a design brief for the design of a field hospital for infectious disease as a facility in a day and to acquire schematic designs from architects within two days as examples in the decision making process by Malaysian National Security Council (MKN). An explorative method in retrieving data from the phenomena and qualify them with the literature of precedent studies and best practice were adopted, apart from addressing the legitimacy of the process as per the institute and Board of Architects protocol. The brief was to design standalone hospitals for infectious disease that detect the disease; contained it; keep the medical and health staff safe from harm, and able to accommodate those infected within the available resources of the Malaysian health system. The result was seven exemplar ideas contribution from members designed within the 12 hours of launching, meeting the need target of Mercy Malaysia on readiness. It shows that given the grave urgency of the COVID- 19 situations in the country to provide adequate hospital beds, a quick response by the institute has acquired a positive response from the members. The institute may be called for aid after the government has worn off their resources. For better or worse, there are architects in the eye of COVID-19 or any calamity, is ready to serve

PROPOLIS AMELIORATES TUMOR NEROSIS FACTOR-α, NITRIC OXIDE LEVLS, CASPASE-3 AND NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ACTIVITIES IN KAINIC ACID MEDIATED EXCITOTOXICITY IN RAT BRAIN

Background: Increased nitric oxide (NO), neuronal inflammation and apoptosis have been proposed in excitotoxicity resulting in many neurodegenerative diseases. To understand the neuro-protective effects of propolis, activities of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and caspase-3 along with NO and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were studied in cerebral cortex (CC), cerebellum (CB) and brain stem (BS) of rats supplemented with propolis and administered with kainic acid (KA). Materials and methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; Control group and KA group received vehicle and saline. Propolis group and propolis + KA group were orally administered with propolis (150mg/kg body weight), five times every 12 hours. KA group and propolis +KA group were injected subcutaneously with kainic acid (15mg/kg body weight) and were sacrificed after 2 hrs, CC, CB and BS were separated, homogenized and used for estimation of NOS, caspase-3, NO and TNF-α by commercial kits. Results were analyzed by one way ANOVA, reported as mean + SD (n=6), and

RESTORATION OF GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE ACTIVITY, NITRIC OXIDE LEVELS AND AMELIORATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS BY PROPOLIS IN KAINIC ACID MEDIATED EXCITOTOXICITY

Background: Propolis has been proposed to be protective on neurodegenerative disorders. To understand the neuroprotective effects of honeybee propolis, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were studied in different brain regions- cerebral cortex (CC), cerebellum (CB) and brain stem (BS) of rats supplemented with propolis and subjected to kainic acid (KA) mediated excitotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; Control group and KA group received vehicle and saline. Propolis group and propolis + KA group were orally administered with propolis (150mg/kg body weight), five times every 12 hours. KA group and propolis + KA group were injected subcutaneously with kainic acid (15mg/kg body weight) and were sacrificed after 2 hrs and CC, CB and BS were separated homogenized and used for estimation of GS activity, NO, TBARS, and TAS concentrations by colorimetric methods. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, reported as mean + SD from 6 animals, and

Effect of Clonidine (an Antihypertensive Drug) Treatment on Oxidative Stress Markers in the Heart of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension is a risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases and oxidative stress suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology. Antihypertensive drug Clonidine action in ameliorating oxidative stress was not well studied. Therefore, this study investigate the effect of Clonidine on oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide (NO) in SHR and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administered SHR. Male rats were divided into four groups [SHR, SHR+Clonidine (SHR-C), SHR+L-NAME, SHR+Clonidine+L-NAME(SHRC+L-NAME)]. Rats (SHRC) were administered with Clonidine (0.5 mg kg−1 day−1) from 4 weeks to 28 weeks in drinking water and L-NAME (25 mg kg−1 day−1) from 16 weeks to 28 weeks to SHRC+L-NAME. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured. At the end of 28 weeks, all rats were sacrificed and in their heart homogenate, oxidative stress parameters and NO was assessed. Clonidine treatment significantly enhanced the total antioxidant status (TAS) (P<0.001) and reduced the thibarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (P<0.001) and protein carbonyl content (PCO) (P<0.05). These data suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the hypertensive organ damage and Clonidine not only lowers the SBP but also ameliorated the oxidative stress in the heart of SHR and SHR+L-NAME

Decreased glutamine synthetase, increased citrulline–nitric oxide cycle activities, and oxidative stress in different regions of brain in epilepsy rat model

To understand their role in epilepsy, the nitric oxide synthetase (NOS), argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), argininosuccinate lyase (AL), glutamine synthetase (GS), and arginase activities, along with the concentration of nitrate/nitrite (NOx), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total antioxidant status (TAS), were estimated in different regions of brain in rats subjected to experimental epilepsy induced by subcutaneous administration of kainic acid (KA). The short-term (acute) group animals were killed after 2 h and the long term (chronic) group animals were killed after 5 days of single injection of KA (15 mg/kg body weight). After decapitation of rats, the brain regions were separated and in their homogenates, the concentration of NOx, TBARS and TAS and the activities of NOS, AS, AL, arginase and glutamine synthetase were assayed by colorimetric methods. The results of the study demonstrated the increased activity of NOS and formation of NO in acute and chronic groups epilepsy. The activities of AS and AL were increased and indicate the effective recycling of citrulline to arginine. The activity of glutamine synthetase was decreased in acute and chronic groups of epilepsy compared to control group and indicate the modulation of its activity by NO in epilepsy. The activity of arginase was not changed in acute group; however it was decreased in chronic group and may favor increased production of NO in this condition. The concentration TBARS were increased and TAS decreased in acute and chronic groups of epilepsy and supports the oxidative stress in epilepsy

Co-expression of citrulline-nitric oxide cycle enzymes and decreased glutamine synthetase expression in different regions of brain in epilepsy rat model

The aim of this study was to determine the mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthetase (NOS), argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), argininosuccinate lyase (AL) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in different regions of brain in rats subjected to kainic acid (KA) mediated epilepsy. The short term (acute) group animals were sacrificed after 2 h and the long term (chronic) group animals were sacrificed after 5 days of single injection of KA. After decapitation of rats, cerebral cortex (CC), cerebellum (CB) and brain stem (BS) were separated and in their homogenates, the relative amount of nNOS, iNOS, AS, AL and GS mRNA was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed an increased expression of iNOS in all brain regions tested in chronic group as compared to either control or acute group, and it indicate a favorable condition of nitric oxide production. AL expression was significantly increased only in CB in acute group whereas in chronic group it is increased in CC and CB and decreased in BS as compared to control. The aforementioned increased expression of AL may contribute effective recycling of citrulline to arginine. No change in expression of nNOS and AS in both acute and chronic groups of epilepsy. GS expression was significantly decreased only in chronic group of epilepsy in all brain regions tested when compared with control group. The decreased GS may be contributing prolonged availability of glutamate in chronic epilepsy