Gene Expression Profile of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Paired Umbilical Cord Units: Cord is Different from Blood

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells which can be obtained from several adult and fetal tissues including human umbilical cord units. We have recently shown that umbilical cord tissue (UC) is richer in MSC than umbilical cord blood (UCB) but their origin and characteristics in blood as compared to the cord remains unknown. Here we compared, for the first time, the exonic protein-coding and intronic noncoding RNA (ncRNA) expression profiles of MSC from match-paired UC and UCB samples, harvested from the same donors, processed simultaneously and under the same culture conditions. The patterns of intronic ncRNA expression in MSC from UC and UCB paired units were highly similar, indicative of their common donor origin. The respective exonic protein-coding transcript expression profiles, however, were significantly different. Hierarchical clustering based on protein-coding expression similarities grouped MSC according to their tissue location rather than original donor. Genes related to systems development, osteogenesis and immune system were expressed at higher levels in UCB, whereas genes related to cell adhesion, morphogenesis, secretion, angiogenesis and neurogenesis were more expressed in UC cells. These molecular differences verified in tissue-specific MSC gene expression may reflect functional activities influenced by distinct niches and should be considered when developing clinical protocols involving MSC from different sources. In addition, these findings reinforce our previous suggestion on the importance of banking the whole umbilical cord unit for research or future therapeutic use

Preclinical Studies with Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Different Animal Models for Muscular Dystrophy

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been widely investigated for cell-based therapy studies as an alternative source to bone marrow transplantation. Umbilical cord tissue is a rich source of MSCs with potential to derivate at least muscle, cartilage, fat, and bone cells in vitro. The possibility to replace the defective muscle cells using cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of progressive muscular dystrophies (PMDs), independently of the specific gene mutation. Therefore, preclinical studies in different models of muscular dystrophies are of utmost importance. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate if umbilical cord MSCs have the potential to reach and differentiate into muscle cells in vivo in two animal models of PMDs. In order to address this question we injected (1) human umbilical cord tissue (hUCT) MSCs into the caudal vein of SJL mice; (2) hUCT and canine umbilical cord vein (cUCV) MSCs intra-arterially in GRMD dogs. Our results here reported support the safety of the procedure and indicate that the injected cells could engraft in the host muscle in both animal models but could not differentiate into muscle cells. These observations may provide important information aiming future therapy for muscular dystrophies

Human fallopian tube: a new source of multipotent adult mesenchymal stem cells discarded in surgical procedures

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The possibility of using stem cells for regenerative medicine has opened a new field of investigation. The search for sources to obtain multipotent stem cells from discarded tissues or through non-invasive procedures is of great interest. It has been shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from umbilical cords, dental pulp and adipose tissue, which are all biological discards, are able to differentiate into muscle, fat, bone and cartilage cell lineages. The aim of this study was to isolate, expand, characterize and assess the differentiation potential of MSCs from human fallopian tubes (hFTs).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Lineages of hFTs were expanded, had their karyotype analyzed, were characterized by flow cytometry and underwent <it>in vitro </it>adipogenic, chondrogenic, osteogenic, and myogenic differentiation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we show for the first time that hFTs, which are discarded after some gynecological procedures, are a rich additional source of MSCs, which we designated as <it>human tube MSCs </it>(htMSCs).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Human tube MSCs can be easily isolated, expanded <it>in vitro</it>, present a mesenchymal profile and are able to differentiate into muscle, fat, cartilage and bone <it>in vitro</it>.</p

Salmonella como vetor de vacinas vivas orais

The first attenuated Salmonella strains were developed some years ago in order to be used as live oral candidate vaccines against typhoid fever. In the beginning, the mutations responsible for the attenuated phenotype were unknown, however, with the accumulation of knowledge about the genetics of virulence, new genetically defined attenuated strains became available. Many strains of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. enterica serovar Typhi were carefully studied concerning their ability to induce immune response in humans and animals. As the use of vaccine strains has expanded with the development of efficient cloning and expressing systems, the production and delivery of antigens from different pathogens have become more and more available. Lately, the use of Salmonella as the DNA carrier has been one of the most promising technologies as far as DNA vaccines are concerned. All this progress in the studies with the Salmonella vaccine strains shows their potential for new vaccines production against infectious disease, parasitic disease and even against cancer, in a near future.Há alguns anos, foram desenvolvidas as primeiras linhagens atenuadas de Salmonella para serem utilizadas como candidatas a vacinas vivas orais contra a febre tifóide. No início, ainda eram desconhecidas as mutações responsáveis pelo fenótipo atenuado, mas, com o acúmulo de conhecimento sobre a genética associada à virulência, surgiram novas linhagens com atenuações geneticamente definidas. Muitas linhagens de S. enterica sorotipo Typhimurium e S. enterica sorotipo Typhi já foram bem estudadas quanto à capacidade de induzir resposta imunológica em modelos animais e em humanos. Com o desenvolvimento de sistemas de clonagem e expressão eficientes, o uso destas linhagens vacinais extrapolou o problema das salmoneloses, uma vez que tornou-se possível a produção e administração de antígenos de diferentes agentes patogênicos. Recentemente, uma nova tecnologia que vem sendo explorada é o uso de Salmonella como carreadora de vacinas de DNA. Tais vacinas já se mostraram capazes de induzir potentes respostas humorais e celulares contra antígenos heterólogos nos organismos hospedeiros. Todo este progresso nos estudos com as linhagens vacinais de Salmonella demonstra o potencial que elas possuem para a produção das futuras vacinas contra doenças infecciosas, parasitárias e até mesmo contra o câncer

Early transplantation of human immature dental pulp stem cells from baby teeth to golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs: Local or systemic?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs represent the best available animal model for therapeutic trials aiming at the future treatment of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We have obtained a rare litter of six GRMD dogs (3 males and 3 females) born from an affected male and a carrier female which were submitted to a therapeutic trial with adult human stem cells to investigate their capacity to engraft into dogs muscles by local as compared to systemic injection without any immunosuppression.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Human Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hIDPSC) were transplanted into 4 littermate dogs aged 28 to 40 days by either arterial or muscular injections. Two non-injected dogs were kept as controls. Clinical translation effects were analyzed since immune reactions by blood exams and physical scores capacity of each dog. Samples from biopsies were checked by immunohistochemistry (dystrophin markers) and FISH for human probes.</p> <p>Results and Discussion</p> <p>We analyzed the cells' ability in respect to migrate, engraftment, and myogenic potential, and the expression of human dystrophin in affected muscles. Additionally, the efficiency of single and consecutive early transplantation was compared. Chimeric muscle fibers were detected by immunofluorescence and fluorescent <it>in situ </it>hybridisation (FISH) using human antibodies and X and Y DNA probes. No signs of immune rejection were observed and these results suggested that hIDPSC cell transplantation may be done without immunosuppression. We showed that hIDPSC presented significant engraftment in GRMD dog muscles, although human dystrophin expression was modest and limited to several muscle fibers. Better clinical condition was also observed in the dog, which received monthly arterial injections and is still clinically stable at 25 months of age.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data suggested that systemic multiple deliveries seemed more effective than local injections. These findings open important avenues for further researches.</p

Isolation and characterization of canine umbilical cord stem cells for potential use in transplantation of dystrophic dogs

A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é a forma mais comum e grave de Distrofia Muscular Progressiva. Esta doença possui herança recessiva ligada ao X e é caracterizada pela ausência de distrofina na membrana das fibras musculares. A DMD afeta 1/3.000 meninos nascidos vivos, e até os 12 anos de idade os pacientes são confinados à cadeira de rodas. Os afetados raramente sobrevivem após a terceira década de vida. Atualmente nenhum tratamento efetivo ainda foi desenvolvido para esta doença. Deste modo, nosso trabalho tem como objetivo principal contribuir para o entendimento do potencial terapêutico das células-tronco adultas do cordão umbilical visando a regeneração muscular. Para tanto, utilizamos como modelo cães da raça Golden Retriever portadores de distrofia muscular (GRMD Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy), uma vez que estes cães apresentam um quadro clínico muito semelhante com a patologia clínica humana. Demonstramos em nosso estudo que células hematopoiéticas provenientes do cordão umbilical canino não são capazes de restaurar a expressão de distrofina em níveis clinicamente relevantes em cães GRMDs. Frente a estes resultados, decidimos dar continuidade em nossos estudos com as células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) do cordão umbilical humano e canino as quais foram imunofenotipadas e caracterizadas, in vitro, quanto ao potencial de diferenciação. In vivo, demonstramos que as CTMs do cordão umbilical canino são capazes de chegar à musculatura de cães GRMDs, quando injetadas por via arterial, mas não de restaurar a expressão de distrofina em níveis clinicamente relevantes. Por fim, descrevemos um cão GRMD excepcional, Ringo, que apesar da completa ausência de distrofina nas fibras musculares, apresenta um fenótipo leve de distrofia muscular. Concluímos com nosso estudo que células-tronco do cordão umbilical parece não ser a fonte mais adequada para a regeneração muscular In vivo. Contudo é de extrema importância investigar novas estratégias visando melhorar o direcionamento destas células para o músculo esquelético.Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent and severe form of muscular dystrophy. It is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by complete absence of dystrophin in muscle fibers. DMD affects 1/3.000 living boys, with loss of independent ambulation occurring at approximately 12 years old. Without any special care, affected boys rarely survive beyond the third decade of life. Currently there is no treatment available for these patients, thus, the main purpose of these study is to understand the therapeutic contribution of umbilical cord stem cells aiming muscular regeneration. To perform our investigation we chose Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) dogs, since it is a large animal model of DMD with clinical signs closely mimicking those observed in humans. Here we showed that hematopoietic cells from umbilical cord blood failed to restore dystrophin expression at clinically relevant levels in GRMD dogs. Due to these results, we continued our studies with human and canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from umbilical cord, which were immunophenotyped and had their multipotent plasticity demonstrated in vitro. Using GRMD dogs we also showed that human and canine MSCs from umbilical cord were able to engraft in muscle fibers but were not sufficient to restore dystrophin expression at clinically relevant levels In vivo. Finally, we described an exceptional GRMD dog, Ringo, that besides the complete absence of dystrophin in his muscle fibers is showing a very mild phenotype. In conclusion, umbilical cord stem cells transplantation may not be a promising source for skeletal muscle regeneration In vivo, but further studies must take place in order to improve stem cell delivery to skeletal muscle

Stem cells from umbilical cord blood do have myogenic potential, with and without differentiation induction <it>in vitro</it>

<p>Abstract</p> <p>The dystrophin gene, located at Xp21, codifies dystrophin, which is part of a protein complex responsible for the membrane stability of muscle cells. Its absence on muscle causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a severe disorder, while a defect of muscle dystrophin causes Becker Muscular Dystrophy (DMB), a milder disease. The replacement of the defective muscle through stem cells transplantation is a possible future treatment for these patients. Our objective was to analyze the potential of CD34+ stem cells from umbilical cord blood to differentiate in muscle cells and express dystrophin, <it>in vitro</it>. Protein expression was analyzed by Immunofluorescence, Western Blotting (WB) and Reverse Transcriptase – Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). CD34+ stem cells and myoblasts from a DMD affected patient started to fuse with muscle cells immediately after co-cultures establishment. Differentiation in mature myotubes was observed after 15 days and dystrophin-positive regions were detected through Immunofluorescence analysis. However, WB or RT-PCR analysis did not detect the presence of normal dystrophin in co-cultures of CD34+ and DMD or DMB affected patients' muscle cells. In contrast, some CD34+ stem cells differentiated in dystrophin producers' muscle cells, what was observed by WB, reinforcing that this progenitor cell has the potential to originate muscle dystrophin <it>in vitro</it>, and not just <it>in vivo </it>like reported before.</p

Evaluation of different commercial hyaluronic acids as a vehicle for injection of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

ABSTRACT Objective: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate, in vitro, the cytotoxicity of different commercial brands of hyaluronic acids to be used as a vehicle for injection of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs). Methods: AD-MSCs were divided into seven groups: one control group where AD-MSCs were cultivated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and six other groups where AD-MSCs were cultivated with different commercial brands of hyaluronic acid. AD-MSC viability analysis was performed after 4, 24, and 48 h in contact with each treatment, using the trypan staining method on a Countess automated cell counter (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Results: The results clearly demonstrated a significant difference in cell viability when AD-MSCs were exposed to different hyaluronic acids when compared with the control group. Conclusion: These data suggest that hyaluronic acid can be used as a vehicle for injection of human AD-MSCs, but caution is needed to choose the best product, aiming at its future therapeutic application