Análisis estadístico del gasto medio del turista en España y los factores que lo determinan: Una propuesta de análisis de datos de panel

[ES]El presente trabajo analiza la evolución del gasto medio diario de los turistas en España durante los años 2004-2014. En la parte descriptiva sintetizamos la literatura relacionada con los factores que influyen tanto de forma positiva como negativa en el gasto medio de los turistas. De igual forma, también analizamos la fuente o base de datos sobre las que se ha extraído la información que utilizaremos para nuestro análisis, “la Encuesta del Instituto de Estudios Turísticos de España (EGATUR)”, disponible en el sitio web de TURESPAÑA (https://www.tourspain.es/es-es). Se trata de una encuesta realizada por ITE-Turespaña desde 2004 al 2015 y que está estandarizada dentro del Sistema Estadístico de la Unión Europea. En la parte empírica, hemos definido pseudo-paneles específicos y proponemos un enfoque metodológico de regresión lineal múltiple corregido para la posible heterocedasticidad y autocorrelación en los datos. Nuestras conclusiones respaldan el hecho de que el gasto medio diario aumenta año tras año y, además, dependiendo la edad de los turistas, dicho gasto puede aumentar o disminuir. Sin embargo, el género no resulta ser un factor estadísticamente significativo en nuestro análisis.[EU] Aurrera eraman dugun proiektu honek 2004-2014 urteetan Espainian izandako turisten bataz besteko gastuaren bilakaera aztertu egiten du. Atal deskribatzailean, turisten bataz besteko gastuan positiboki eta negatiboki eragiten dituzten faktoreei buruzko literatura laburtu dugu. Era berean, azterketarako erabili dugun informazioaren iturburua edo datu-basea ”Espainiako Turismo Ikasketen Institutuaren Inkesta (EGATUR)” TURESPAÑA webgunean (https://www.tourspain.es/es-es ) eskurgarri dagoena ere analizatu dugu. ITE-Turespañak 2004tik 2015era egindako inkesta bat da, Europar Batasuneko Estatistika Sistemaren barruan normalizatua dagoena. Zati enpirikoan, pseudo-panel zehatzak definitu ditugu eta erregresio lineal anitzeko metodo bat proposatu dugu, heterozedastizitatea eta autokorrelazio posibleak zuzenduta. Gure ondorioek indartu egiten dute turisten eguneko bataz besteko gastua handitu egiten dela urtero eta gainera, turistaren adinaren arabera gastua handitu edo txikitu egin daitekela. Hala ere, turistaren generoa ez da gure analisian esanguratsua den faktorea.[EN]In this research we analyze the evolution of the daily mean expenditure of tourists in Spain for the period 2004-2014. In the descriptive part of the literature, we summarize the information related to the factors that may have a positive and negative effect on the tourism expenditure. The database from which data have been extracted, “The Survey of the Institute of Tourism Studies of Spain (EGATUR)”, available at the TURESPAÑA website (https://www.tourspain.es/es-es) is also analyzed. This is a survey carried out by ITE-Turespaña from 2004 to 2015, which is also standardized within the European Union Statistical System. In the empirical part, we have defined specific pseudo-panels and propose a multiple linear regression method approach corrected for the possible heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in the data. Our conclusions support the fact that the average daily expenditure increases year after year, and, in addition, that expenditure may increase or decrease depending on the age of the tourists. However, our analysis indicates that gender is not a statistically significant factor

Sustainable Carbon as Efficient Support for Metal-Based Nanocatalyst: Applications in Energy Harvesting and Storage

[EN] Sustainable activated carbon can be obtained from the pyrolysis/activation of biomass wastes coming from different origins. Carbon obtained in this way shows interesting properties, such as high surface area, electrical conductivity, thermal and chemical stability, and porosity. These characteristics among others, such as a tailored pore size distribution and the possibility of functionalization, lead to an increased use of activated carbons in catalysis. The use of activated carbons from biomass origins is a step forward in the development of more sustainable processes enhancing material recycling and reuse in the frame of a circular economy. In this article, a perspective of different heterogeneous catalysts based on sustainable activated carbon from biomass origins will be analyzed focusing on their properties and catalytic performance for determined energy-related applications. In this way, the article aims to give the reader a scope of the potential of these tailor-made sustainable materials as a support in heterogeneous catalysis and future developments needed to improve catalyst performance. The selected applications are those related with H2 energy and the production of biomethane for energy through CO2 methanation.This research was funded by the Centro de Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial-CDTI (ALMAGRID Project-CER-20191006), by the Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial-IVACE-FEDER (BIO3 Project-IMDEEA/2019/44) and by the Agencia Valenciana de Investigacion-AVI (REWACER Project INNEST00/19/050).Buaki-Sogo, M.; Zubizarreta Saenz De Zaitegui, L.; García Pellicer, M.; Quijano-Lopez, A. (2020). Sustainable Carbon as Efficient Support for Metal-Based Nanocatalyst: Applications in Energy Harvesting and Storage. 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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(48), 41224-41236. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b04220Swalus, C., Jacquemin, M., Poleunis, C., Bertrand, P., & Ruiz, P. (2012). CO2 methanation on Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst at low temperature: «In situ» supply of hydrogen by Ni/activated carbon catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 125, 41-50. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.05.019Roldán, L., Marco, Y.

Studying the Properties of PVdF-HFP Based Lithium Polymer Electrolytes Using non-ionic Surfactants as Plasticizers

[EN] In this study, two different non-ionic surfactants have been evaluated as a plasticizer in lithium polymer electrolytes and compared with an organic carbonate-based plasticizer. To that end, non-ionic surfactants with different molecular weight and structure have been selected (Triton? X-100 and Brij?L23) and compared with organic carbonates (EC:DEC1:1) as plasticizers in lithium polymer electrolytes. The effect of the plasticizer content, salt content and surfactant characteristics on properties such as ionic conductivity, thermal stability and electrochemical stability of lithium polymer electrolytes has been studied. The results obtained show that the non-ionic surfactants studied as plasticizers (Triton? X-100 and Brij?L23) give lithium polymer electrolytes with higher thermal and electrochemical stability than organic carbonates, thus making them promising plasticizers for lithium polymer electrolytes, especially for high voltage lithium-ion batteries. Surfactant structure could influence the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes, with the linear surfactants being more suitable for this application.This research was funded by the Centro de Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial-CDTI (ALMAGRID Project-CER-20191006) and by the Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad EmpresarialIVACE-FEDER (MATER Project-IMDEEA/2019/48)Zubizarreta Saenz De Zaitegui, L.; Gil Agustí, MT.; Espinosa-López, JC.; García Pellicer, M.; Quijano-Lopez, A. (2021). Studying the Properties of PVdF-HFP Based Lithium Polymer Electrolytes Using non-ionic Surfactants as Plasticizers. Materiale Plastice. 58(1):237-247. https://doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.1.5463S23724758

European Cities in the Energy Transition: A Preliminary Analysis of 27 Cities

Nowadays, there is a wide scientific consensus about the unsustainability of the current energy system and at the same time, social awareness about climate change and the IPCC’s goals is increasing in Europe. Amongst the different pathways towards them, one alternative is the radical transition to a democratic low-carbon energy system where the local scale has a key leading role. Under this scope, this research is framed within the mPOWER project, financed by the European Commission’s H2020 programme, which promotes collaboration among different European municipalities in order to boost the transition to a renewable-based participatory energy system. This paper presents the starting point of the mPOWER project, where the main energy features of 27 selected European municipalities are collected and analysed for the year 2016. An open public tender and selection process was carried out among European cities in order to choose the candidates to participate in mPOWER project. A view of this situation will be taken by the mPOWER project as a diagnostic baseline for the following steps: a peer-to-peer knowledge-sharing process among these European municipalities, and subsequently, among a more extensive group. The first finding of the paper is that, even if those municipalities are trying to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, they are highly dependent on fossil fuels, even in cases where renewable energies have significant presence. Second, their energy consumption is logarithmically related to the human development index and gross domestic product but not to the size of the cities and their climate characteristics. Finally, despite the work that these cities are making towards energy transition in general and within the mPOWER project in particular, the paper shows a high difficulty mapping their energy systems. The lack of accurate and unified data by the municipalities is a sign of disempowerment at a local and public level in the energy sphere and makes difficult any strategy to advance towards a bottom-up energy transition. Among other goals, the mPOWER project aims to reveal these kinds of difficulties and help local authorities in managing their transition paths.This research was funded by the European Union’s H2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement 785171—mPOWER project. The research has been supported by ‘Ekopol: Iraunkortasunerako Bideak’ research group, recognised by the Basque Government (IT-1365-19) and the University of the Basque Country (GIC-18/22)

Microwave heating processes involving carbon materials

[EN] Carbon materials are, in general, very good absorbents of microwaves, i.e., they are easily heated by microwave radiation. This characteristic allows them to be transformed by microwave heating, giving rise to new carbons with tailored properties, to be used as microwave receptors, in order to heat other materials indirectly, or to act as a catalyst and microwave receptor in different heterogeneous reactions. In recent years, the number of processes that combine the use of carbons and microwave heating instead of other methods based on conventional heating has increased. In this paper some of the microwave-assisted processes in which carbon materials are produced, transformed or used in thermal treatments (generally, as microwave absorbers and catalysts) are reviewed and the main achievements of this technique are compared with those obtained by means of conventional (non microwave-assisted) methods in similar conditions.B.F., Y.F and L.Z. are grateful to CSIC of Spain and the European Social Fund (ESF) for financial support under thesis grant I3P-BDP-2006. Financial support from the PCTI-Asturias (Project PEST08-03) is also acknowledgedPeer reviewe

Biofuel cells: the sustainable energy in living beings

[EN] Glucose fuel cells arise from the need for developing small devices able to supply energy in an independent manner while remain implanted in living organisms. In this field there are different challenges to be addressed related with low current densities and durability; important and challenging milestones when dealing with in vivo applications. In order to overcome the drawbacks of enzymatic biofuel cells, different approaches to achieve useful systems in terms of stability, capacity and durability for living organisms application are being proposed via enzymatic engineering techniques and improvements in enzyme immobilization onto electrodes and materials employed at this purpose[ES] La biopila de glucosa nace de la necesidad de desarrollar pequeños dispositivos capaces de suministrar energía de manera independiente implantados en un ser vivo. En esta disciplina existen retos a solventar relacionados con baja durabilidad y densidad de corriente; hitos desafiantes y serios cuando se trata de aplicaciones in vivo. Con el objetivo de abordar las limitaciones de la biopila enzimática se plantean estrategias para obtener un sistema útil en cuanto a la estabilidad, capacidad y durabilidad para aplicaciones en organismos vivos mediante ingeniería enzimática y mejoras en inmovilización de enzimas en electrodos y en los materiales utilizados para elloLos autores agradecen al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación por la financiación recibida a través del Subprograma Torres-Quevedo del Programa Estatal de Promoción del Talento y su Empleabilidad 2013-2016 en el marco del proyecto Bio2 (PTQ-14-07145)Buaki-Sogo, M.; Zubizarreta Saenz De Zaitegui, L.; Gil Agustí, MT.; García Pellicer, M.; Quijano-Lopez, A. (2018). Biopilas: la energia sostenible en los seres vivos. Avances en Quimica. 13(1):21-31. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/122507S213113

Grafeno: obtención, tipos y su aplicación como sensor para detección de gases y sensor de presión

[ES] El grafeno, un material bidimensional (2D) de espesor atómico, que presenta extraordinarias propiedades electrónicas, mecánicas y elevada área superficial, ha despertado un gran interés en la fabricación de sensores. En la presente revisión se revisan los avances en sensores basados en grafeno con potencial de aplicación en el ámbito medioambiental para la detección de gases tóxicos. Además se muestra el auge de los sensores de presión basados en grafeno como sensores ¿wearable¿ en el ámbito de la salud humana, el Internet of Things o la inteligencia artificial.[EN] Graphene is a 2D layered carbon material with atomic thickness. This material exhibits remarkable electronic and mechanical properties and many of these properties are interesting for sensing applications. The present work reviews the potential application of graphene-based sensors on environmental field, for toxic gases detection. Moreover, the increasing research interest of graphene-based pressure sensors as key components in wearable electronic sensing devices for application in the field of human health, Internet of Thing and artificial intelligence is discussed.Los autores agradecen al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades por la financiación recibida a través del Subprograma Torres-Quevedo del Programa Estatal de Promoción del Talento y su Empleabilidad 2013-2016 en el marco del proyecto eGRAF (PTQ-17-09497).Esteve-Adell, I.; Gil Agustí, MT.; Zubizarreta Saenz De Zaitegui, L.; Quijano-Lopez, A.; García Pellicer, M. (2020). Grafeno: obtención, tipos y su aplicación como sensor para detección de gases y sensor de presión. Avances en Quimica. 15(2):57-72. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/166201577215

Implantación de la metodología BIM en el Grado en Fundamentos de Arquitectura

En la actualidad, la nueva metodología Building Information Modeling (BIM) se ha establecido como el método de diseño, generación y gestión de datos más importante dentro del proceso de construcción de un edificio, así como de su posterior gestión y mantenimiento. Este Proyecto surge por el requerimiento, tanto a nivel europeo como estatal, de implementar la nueva metodología BIM en el ámbito de la construcción. El objetivo de la investigación es proponer cómo debería realizarse la implantación del sistema BIM dentro del Grado que actualmente se imparte en la ETS Arquitectura de Donostia (UPV/EHU). Tras cinco años de trabajo, en el estudio se recoge la labor desempeñada durante este periodo 2018-2022 y se concreta la forma de llevar a cabo dicha implementación. El fin último del siguiente documento es que cuando la implantación de la metodología BIM en el Grado en Fundamentos de Arquitectura sea un hecho, los egresados estén familiarizados con dicha metodología, para ser capaces de incorporarse a un mercado laboral que precisa cada vez más de estos conocimientos.Esta publicación ha sido posible gracias al apoyo de la ETS de Arquitectura de San Sebastián – UPV/EHU, el Departamento de Arquitectura de la Universidad del País Vasco – UPV/EHU y el Departamento de Planificación Territorial, Vivienda y Transportes del Gobierno Vasco

Desarrollo de nuevos materiales de carbono dopados con níquel para el almacenamiento de hidrógeno

El almacenamiento de hidrógeno es uno de los retos más importantes para la implantación de la economía del hidrógeno. En los últimos años se ha incrementado notablemente el estudio de materiales de carbono como sistemas de almacenamiento de hidrógeno, debido al bajo peso y excelentes cinéticas que presentan. Sin embargo, todavía es necesario aumentar las capacidades obtenidas para alcanzar los objetivos impuestos por el DOE y la UE. Una de las posibles opciones que se plantean es intentar aumentar la interacción entre el hidrógeno y la superficie de los materiales de carbono mediante el dopaje con Ni. Sin embargo, es un alternativa muy poco madura todavía, donde para potenciar al máximo la capacidad de almacenamiento es necesario por una parte controlar y ajustar la porosidad y la química superfícial de los materiales, y por otra parte estudiar un gran número de variables tales como la cantidad y dispersión del metal sobre el soporte carbonoso, las interacciones entre ambas fases, etc. En este trabajo se han desarrollado y caracterizado nuevos materiales de carbono dopados con níquel, para su aplicación como sistemas de almacenamiento de hidrógeno. Los materiales de carbono seleccionados han sido nanoesferas y geles de carbono. Estos materiales son muy adecuados para realizar este estudio, ya que se ha observado que es posible el control de su textura porosa mediante la variación de distintas condiciones de síntesis y son materiales de elevada pureza, sin presencia de otras especies metálicas que puedan interferir. En el caso de los geles de carbono, se ha observado que la utilización de microondas reduce enormemente el tiempo de obtención de este tipo de materiales sin producir un colapso de la estructura creada en la síntesis. Por otro parte, la activación química con hidróxidos alcalinos de estos materiales, permite aumentar y controlar la microporosidad, sin modificar la meso/macroporosidad desarrollada durante la síntesis, lo que aumenta enormemente la aplicabilidad de este tipo de materiales. A temperatura ambiente y presiones de 90 bar, la distribución del tamaño de poros es un parámetro de gran importancia en la capacidad de almacenamiento de hidrógeno de materiales de carbono, ya que son los poros de un tamaño inferior a 10-15 Å los que más contribuyen en el proceso de adsorción de hidrógeno, y los que dan lugar a una mayor densidad de empaquetamiento. La utilización de distintos métodos de síntesis, condiciones de operación, distinta carga de níquel y distinto soporte durante el dopaje influyen notablemente en las propiedades texturales, químicas y estructurales finales, y por tanto en la capacidad de almacenamiento de hidrógeno de los materiales estudiados. El aumento de la capacidad de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente, está directamente relacionado con el grado de spillover que presentan las distintas muestras; el cual, a su vez, se encuentra favorecido por la presencia de níquel interaccionando con la superficie carbonosa.Peer reviewe