Towards a history of a Senegalese brotherhood in Cape Town

Includes bibliographical references."Towards a history of a Senegalese brotherhood in Cape Town" studies the presence of the Muridiyya, or Mouride, order (tariqa) of Senegal in South Africa, the relationships of its members to other Senegalese migrants and to the population of Cape Town. It therefore traces the transformation of the tariqa under new historical and geopolitical circumstances. Methodologically, within the limits of Historical Sciences, this research hasbeen undertaken in the framework of oral history methodology. Following the Introduction and a chapter on the methodological framework, this essay goes on to give a brief historical summary of Islam in Senegal followed by an overview of Sufism and Sufi orders in Senegal, concentrating on the life of the founder of the Muridiyya, Cheikh Amadu Bamba, his teachings, his trials under French colonialism, and the growth in influence of the Muridiyya order as a spiritual and socio-economic group in Senegal. Thereafter it looks at the worldwide spread of the Mouride Diaspora and its characteristics. Then the study concentrates its focus on the Mouride Diaspora to the Western Cape in the context of the general African migration to South Africa and of the historical Muslim presence in the area. Based-on individual interviews of members both of the Muridiyya and the Tijaniyya turuq, and on visits to the dahiras, zawiyas and workplaces of Mourides and Tijanis, it analyses in detail the experience of the group, describing its key features and in particular the twofold spiritual-economic core of the group. It traces the evolution of the group through a period of 14 years and examines the relationship that it has with South African society and with the Muslims of Cape Town in particular. The final section deals with the Mourides' own perception of their contribution to South Africa. In conclusion, this research points out that, thanks to its deeply spiritual and its economic principles, which emphasizes hard work, strong co-operative organization, and the consequent mutual trust among its members, the Muridiyya tariqa has grown and even transformed itself in Cape Town. It is dealing with infighting borne of its new context, and adapting to changing historical circumstances. Moreover, it can be seen as an alternative social way to respond to the difficult challenges that human beings face in our society

Enfoques feministas del uso del hiyab-velo. Herramientas para el profesorado

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es ofrecer al profesorado una herramienta de acercamiento y comprensión de los múltiples significados, contextos, sentimientos, tipos y usos del hiyab-velo, que le permita superar los prejuicios que resultan de la visión simplista, colonial y etnocéntrica dominante en nuestro entorno y, además, suplir la ausencia de un material educativo feminista que aporte una perspectiva de género. En un entorno cada vez más intercultural, es prioritaria la formación del personal docente sobre un tema tan confuso y polémico como el hiyab, aplicando las teorías pedagógicas en formación del profesorado y las competencias del tema en los centros escolares. Para la consecución de este fin, se recopila un abanico de informaciones y material que trata de mostrar una fotografía realista, práctica y útil, tanto del empoderamiento de muchas mujeres árabes y/o musulmanas con independencia del uso o no del velo, como de los enfoques feministas árabes y/o musulmanes sobre el uso del hiyab, esbozando un desarrollo de la historia del feminismo árabe y/o musulmán y sus activistas.Se pretende que, en manos del profesorado, constituya una herramienta válida de formación intelectual y, en consecuencia,repercuta en el aula

ODS ferritic steels obtained from gas atomized powders through the STARS processing route: Reactive synthesis as an alternative to mechanical alloying

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Stainless Steels (ODS FS) are candidate materials for structural components in fusion reactors. Their ultrafine microstructure and the presence of a very stable dispersion of Y-Ti-O nanoclusters provide reasonable fracture toughness, high mechanical and creep strength, and resistance to radiation damage at the operation temperature, up to about 750 °C. An innovative route to produce ODS FS with composition Fe-14Cr-2W-0.3Ti-0.3Y2O3 (wt.%), named STARS (Surface Treatment of gas Atomized powder followed by Reactive Synthesis), is presented. This route avoids the mechanical alloying (MA) of the elemental or prealloyed powders with yttria to dissolve the yttrium in the ferritic matrix. In this study, starting powders containing Ti and Y are obtained by gas atomization at laboratory and industrial scale. Then, a metastable Cr- and Fe- rich oxide layer is formed on the surface of the powder particles. During consolidation by HIP the metastable oxide layer at Prior Particle Boundaries (PPBs) dissociates, the oxygen diffuses towards saturated solutions or metallic Ti- and Y-rich particles, and Y-Ti-O nano-oxides (mainly Y2TiO5) precipitate in the ferritic matrix. Detailed Microstructural characterization by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of powders and consolidated materials is presented and correlated with mechanical behaviour

La justicia de paz y su evolución

The Venezuelan justice of peace is an institution for managing small conflicts of every day life between neighbors and family related people. It is also an institution for the citizens� participation in managing conflicts. There were efforts of creation of the institution in early XIX century, but it disappeared completely afterwards. In the late XX century, mostly because of the crisis of the judiciary, the idea of recreating the institution was put forward once again. In 1994 the Ley Orgánica de justicia de paz was established, regulating the structure and procedure of the justice of peace. The Constitution of 1999 recognized the justice of peace as part of the mechanism of national justice, but submitted it to municipal control and administration. The factual accomplishment of the legislation on justice of peace has been very weak. By the late �04, there where only 296 judges of peace, which implies a 5 percent coverage of the Venezuelan population. There are great differences in the way it works in different municipalities. Very frequently the judges of peace feel they lack of any support at in the municipal governments. As an example, most of the judges have no office to deal with the cases.La justicia de paz es un mecanismo alternativo para solucionar las pequeñas desavenencias surgidas en el devenir de las relaciones cotidianas entre vecinos o familiares. En el marco de un estado social de derecho y de justicia constituye, además, un mecanismo de participación ciudadana en la resolución de los conflictos. Sus antecedentes los encontramos en la Constitución de 1819, y posteriormente también en la de 1830; empero enmarcada dentro del Poder Judicial. Luego desaparece y es retomada a finales del Siglo XX, dada la crisis del Poder Judicial por el congestionamiento e ineficiente funcionamiento de los tribunales del país. La Ley Orgánica de justicia de paz, dictada en 1994, regula el ejercicio de las funciones y los procedimientos a implementar y con la entrada en vigencia de la Constitución de 1999, se reconoce la justicia de paz como un mecanismo alternativo para la resolución de conflictos, integrante del Sistema Judicial, y al mismo tiempo, como una de las competencias de los municipios, a quienes se les encarga su manejo y gestión. No obstante, su implementación ha sido traumática. Actualmente, solo hay 296 jueces de paz en todo el país, lo que implica que tan solo el 5% de la población cuenta con un juez de paz dentro de su comunidad. Su promoción ha sido un proceso iniciado desde los municipios para la comunidad, y no proveniente de la comunidad misma, como exigencia de su derecho a la participación. Por otra parte, existen muchas diferencias en cuanto al modo de ejercer las competencias entre los jueces de paz, así como en el manejo de los centros de justicia de paz, y, es de destacar que muchas veces los jueces de paz se sienten solos y en general con poco apoyo de los municipios, ya que la gran mayoría de ellos no disponen de una sede para el ejercicio de sus funciones. En el siguiente artículo se analiza, además, el marco jurídico de la justicia de paz, su implementación y su funcionamiento, finalizando con algunas recomendaciones que se consideran necesarias de implementar para el mejor manejo tanto de los jueces de paz, como para las autoridades y la comunidad

Analysis of professional soccer games with individualized thresholds

The aim of this study is to analyse the distances travelled by professional players in friendly matches using individualized intensity thresholds and to differentiate them by specific playing positions, in order to use the results of the competition as a reference for the subsequent analysis of task and training sessions conducted using GPS technology. 21 professional field players (28 ± 3.8 years, 179 ± 4.5 cm, 4.2 kg 75.2 ±) have been monitored using 10 Spi Elite units with GPS receiver, triaxial accelerometer and integrated HR chip receiver (GPSports Systems, Pty. Ltd., 2003, Australia). The results are shown for half of the match. The total average distance covered (DTOT) has been 5052 ± 536m, the distance travelled at a speed higher than vVO2max (DAI) is 351 ± 175m, the distance above the maximum speed threshold (Dist. Z6) is 42 ± 37m. We conclude that: considering the differences observed between players and between positions on the distance travelled in different specified areas, it highlights the importance and the need to individualize the monitoring of the competition, in order to individualize the training monitoring, and properly prepare the players according to the demands of competition.No data (2012)UE

ODS ferritic steels obtained from gas atomized powders through the STARS processing route: Reactive synthesis as an alternative to mechanical alloying

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Stainless Steels (ODS FS) are candidate materials for structural components in fusion reactors. Their ultrafine microstructure and the presence of a very stable dispersion of Y-Ti-O nanoclusters provide reasonable fracture toughness, high mechanical and creep strength, and resistance to radiation damage at the operation temperature, up to about 750 °C. An innovative route to produce ODS FS with composition Fe-14Cr-2W-0.3Ti-0.3Y2O3 (wt.%), named STARS (Surface Treatment of gas Atomized powder followed by Reactive Synthesis), is presented. This route avoids the mechanical alloying (MA) of the elemental or prealloyed powders with yttria to dissolve the yttrium in the ferritic matrix. In this study, starting powders containing Ti and Y are obtained by gas atomization at laboratory and industrial scale. Then, a metastable Cr- and Fe- rich oxide layer is formed on the surface of the powder particles. During consolidation by HIP the metastable oxide layer at Prior Particle Boundaries (PPBs) dissociates, the oxygen diffuses towards saturated solutions or metallic Ti- and Y-rich particles, and Y-Ti-O nano-oxides (mainly Y2TiO5) precipitate in the ferritic matrix. Detailed Microstructural characterization by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of powders and consolidated materials is presented and correlated with mechanical behaviour

Motivate active and equal participation in online teaching methodologies from a gender perspective

Segunda fase del proyecto de innovación sobre el análisis y diseño de metodologías docentes innovadoras para mejorar la participación desde un enfoque de género. Se pretende incorporar estrategias de mejora de la participación teniendo en cuenta el componente de género y desde un escenario de docencia online.Second phase of the innovation project on the analysis and design of innovative teaching methodologies to improve participation from a gender perspective. It is intended to incorporate strategies to improve participation taking into account the gender component and from an online teaching scenario.Depto. de Estudios EducativosFac. de EducaciónFALSEUniversidad Complutense de Madridsubmitte