Factors Associated With Research and Extension Work in Livestock Production in the Ivory Coast.

The overall objective of this study was to gather basic information about livestock programs in the Ivory Coast, and to determine factors that may be impeding the successful accomplishment of these programs. One hundred and two livestock producers were interviewed--72 who were members of SODEPRA and 32 who were not. The data from the field study were coded onto computer sheets and transferred to punched cards and percentages and Chi-Square Values were calculated. The major dependent variable, membership in SODEPRA, was related to the independent variables in the study. Chi-Square values were used to determine if there was a significant difference for each of the independent variables when compared on membership in SODEPRA. The .20 level of probability was used to establish the significance of the relationship. The case study approach was also used to analyze the activities of the CRZ and the SODEPRA. The findings show that the Mande, the Senoufo and the Lobi were the main groups involved in livestock production in the north. The high rate of illiteracy created a problem in promoting livestock production. A lack of motivation among livestock producers was noted. Four main breeds were raised in the Ivory Coast and natural grazing was the most popular method of feeding the ruminants, resulting in a relatively low average weight of the cattle. The producers faced many problems, disease being the most important one. The interaction between CRZ and SODEPRA was limited. This thesis suggests that livestock production in the Ivory Coast must go from a traditional type to a more modern type of production using an extension approach. The basics for an effective and efficient system are present, but much improvement is needed

Évaluation de la diversité génétique des sorghos à grains sucrés (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) du Nord du Burkina Faso

Objectif : L’étude a pour objectif de déterminer le niveau de diversité agromorphologique des sorghos à grains sucrés du Nord du Burkina et d’estimer les paramètres génétiques de la collection en vue d’identifier les meilleures stratégies d’amélioration variétale.Méthodologie et résultats : Les résultats de l’étude réalisée sur 37 accessions selon un dispositif blocs Fisher à trois répétitions révèlent une importante diversité morphologique structurée autour des caractères végétatifs et du rendement et une répartition des accessions en quatre groupes sur la base principalement de la hauteur de la plante et du rendement grains par plante. L’évaluation des paramètres génétiques a montré une faible différence entre les coefficients de variation phénotypique et génotypique et une héritabilité au sens large élevée pour tous les caractères. Les caractères liés au rendement ont exprimé une héritabilité au sens large et un gain génétique attendu élevé alors que les caractères végétatifs ont enregistré une héritabilité au sens large élevée et un faible gain génétique attendu. Le cycle a présenté une héritabilité au sens large élevé et un gain génétique attendu modéré.Conclusion et application : Les 4 groupes obtenus qui sont des entités constituées de pools de gènes différents pourraient servir de géniteurs pour la création de variétés répondant aux attentes des paysans. La diversité génétique observée au sein des sorghos à grains sucrés du Nord du Burkina pourrait être exploitée dans les programmes de sélection du sorgho. Les résultats de l’évaluation des paramètres génétiques permettent d’envisager l’amélioration des sorghos à grains sucrés par une méthode de sélection directe.Mots clés : Sorghos à grains sucrés, diversité agromorphologique, Nord du Burkina Fas

Variation de caractères agromorphologiques et du Brix d’une collection de sorghos à tige sucrée du Burkina Faso

Le sorgho à tige sucrée est de nos jours une plante d’intérêt utilisée pour la production de biocarburant. Au Burkina Faso, les ressources génétiques de ce sorgho ne sont pas connues, encore moins exploitées. Pour comprendre les relations entre la concentration en sucre des tiges et les caractères agromorphologiques de cette plante, 117 accessions ont été collectées dans quatre zones agro-climatiques du Burkina Faso. La caractérisation a été faite à partir de 15 variables quantitatives et de variables qualitatives qui discriminent pour la plupart les races de sorgho cultivé. Cette étude montre que les sorghos à tige sucrée du Burkina Fasoprésentent une diversité raciale plus importante en comparaison avec ceux d’autres pays comme le Mali et la Guinée. La majorité des accessions à nervure verte (77,21% d’entre elles) ont des tiges juteuses jusqu’à la maturité physiologique des grains. Le Brix des tiges au stade grain dur varie entre 8,88 et 21,83%. Il est négativement corrélé au rendement en grains par plante. Les accessions les plus sucrées sont celles à cycle longavec une importante biomasse. Les facteurs « zone climatique » et « race botanique» contribuent tous à expliquer la diversité observée avec  cependant un effet plus important du facteur racial.© 2013 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés : accession, diversité agromorphologique, zone climatique, race

Effect of chemical fertilizers on production of yams (nyù) of passore in farmers’ environment

Nyù is the main morphotype of yams of Passoré. It is generally cultivated without chemical fertilizer. The study aims to determine the effect of one rate of chemical fertilizers on the yield of yams « nyù » of Passoré in farmers’ environment of Burkina Faso and to collect the appreciations of the various actors about tubers in the production chain. The results reveal that chemical fertilizer involved a better expression of the agro-morphological parameters and an increase of the tubers yield which reaches 42.5 t / ha compared to the field not fertilized where tuber yield is slow (9 t / ha). However, tubers obtained of treated field have not a good organoleptic quality whereas the tubers of untreated fields have good taste. Moreover, the chemical fertilizer changed also the morphology, taste and consistency of the tubers. These results could help all actors to choose the best method of nyù production according to their objectives.Keywords: nyù, yam, mineral fertlizer, Passoré, Burkina Fas

Randomized comparison of amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, artemether-lumefantrine, and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Combination antimalarial therapy is advocated to improve treatment efficacy and limit selection of drug-resistant parasites. We compared the efficacies of 3 combination regimens in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso: amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, which was recently shown to be highly efficacious at this site; artemether-lumefantrine, the new national first-line antimalarial regimen; and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), a newer regimen. METHODS: We enrolled 559 patients >or=6 months of age with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and randomized them to the 3 regimens. We analyzed the risk of recurrent parasitemia by day 28 and day 42, both unadjusted and adjusted by PCR methods to distinguish recrudescence and new infection. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 517 (92.5%) of the enrolled subjects. Early treatment failures occurred in 5 patients treated with amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and in 2 patients each treated with the other regimens. The day 28 risk of recurrent parasitemia, unadjusted by genotyping, was significantly higher for patients receiving artemether-lumefantrine than for patients receiving amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (20.1% vs. 6.2%; risk difference, 13.8%; 95% confidence interval, 7.0%-20.7%) or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (20.1% vs. 2.2%; risk difference, 17.9%; 95% confidence interval, 11.6%-24.1%). Similar differences were seen for children <5 years of age (54% of the study population) and when outcomes were extended to 42 days. Significant differences were not seen between outcomes for patients receiving amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and outcomes for those receiving dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Recrudescences were uncommon (occurring in <5% of patients) in all treatment groups. No serious adverse events were noted. CONCLUSIONS: All regimens were highly efficacious in clearing infection, but considering the risks of recurrent malaria after therapy, the amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine regimens were more efficacious than the artemether-lumefantrine regimen (the new national regimen in Burkina Faso) for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria

Prevalence of Escherichia coli virulence genes in patients with diarrhoea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Objective: Diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are important causes of diarrhoea in the developing world and, to a lesser extent, inthe developed world. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of the virulence genes specific for five major pathogroups of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in primary cultures from diarrhoeagenic patients in Burkina Faso.Methodology: From September 2016 to Mars 2017, a total of 211 faecal samples from diarrhoeagenic patients from urban hospitals of Ouagadou, Burkina Faso have been analysed. A 16-plex PCR was used to detect simultaneously, the five major DEC pathotypes (enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)).Results: At least one diarrhoeagenic E. Coli pathotype was detected in 31 samples (14.7%) in children and adults with diarrhoea. EAEC was the most common pathotype detected 9.5% (20/211), followed by EIEC2.4% (05/211) and STEC 0.5% (01/211). More than one DEC pathotype were detected in 2.4% (05/211) patients. EPEC and ETEC were not detected in single infection but in co-infection with others pathotypes.Conclusion: DEC, especially enteroaggregative, may be important responsible of diarrhoeas in Burkina Faso from all ages patient.Key Words: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli, 16-plex PCR, Burkina Faso, human diarrhoeas stool

Different methodological approaches to the assessment of in vivo efficacy of three artemisinin-based combination antimalarial treatments for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children.

BACKGROUND: Use of different methods for assessing the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination antimalarial treatments (ACTs) will result in different estimates being reported, with implications for changes in treatment policy. METHODS: Data from different in vivo studies of ACT treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria were combined in a single database. Efficacy at day 28 corrected by PCR genotyping was estimated using four methods. In the first two methods, failure rates were calculated as proportions with either (1a) reinfections excluded from the analysis (standard WHO per-protocol analysis) or (1b) reinfections considered as treatment successes. In the second two methods, failure rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product limit formula using either (2a) WHO (2001) definitions of failure, or (2b) failure defined using parasitological criteria only. RESULTS: Data analysed represented 2926 patients from 17 studies in nine African countries. Three ACTs were studied: artesunate-amodiaquine (AS+AQ, N = 1702), artesunate-sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP, N = 706) and artemether-lumefantrine (AL, N = 518).Using method (1a), the day 28 failure rates ranged from 0% to 39.3% for AS+AQ treatment, from 1.0% to 33.3% for AS+SP treatment and from 0% to 3.3% for AL treatment. The median [range] difference in point estimates between method 1a (reference) and the others were: (i) method 1b = 1.3% [0 to 24.8], (ii) method 2a = 1.1% [0 to 21.5], and (iii) method 2b = 0% [-38 to 19.3].The standard per-protocol method (1a) tended to overestimate the risk of failure when compared to alternative methods using the same endpoint definitions (methods 1b and 2a). It either overestimated or underestimated the risk when endpoints based on parasitological rather than clinical criteria were applied. The standard method was also associated with a 34% reduction in the number of patients evaluated compared to the number of patients enrolled. Only 2% of the sample size was lost when failures were classified on the first day of parasite recurrence and survival analytical methods were used. CONCLUSION: The primary purpose of an in vivo study should be to provide a precise estimate of the risk of antimalarial treatment failure due to drug resistance. Use of survival analysis is the most appropriate way to estimate failure rates with parasitological recurrence classified as treatment failure on the day it occurs

Screening of BRCA1 (c.5177_5180delGAAA rs80357867 and c.4986+6T>C rs80358086) and the BRCA2 (c.6445_6446delAT rs80359592) genes for breast cancer prevention in Burkina Faso

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to search for mutations in the BRCA1 (c.5177_5180delGAAA and c.4986+6T&gt;C) and BRCA2 genes (c.6445_6446delAT) in a population of women diagnosed with breast cancer.METHODS: This is a case-control study that involved 140 participants, including 70 patients with histologically diagnosed breast cancer and 70 healthy women without breast cancer. Mutations in the BRCA1 (rs80357867, rs80358086) and BRCA2 (rs80359592) genes were tested by real-time PCR. The 95% confidence interval Odds Ratio (OR) was used to estimate the associations between specific genotypes and breast cancer.RESULTS: The study revealed that no mutations were detected for rs80359592. Similarly, no reference allele (TTTC/TTTC) of rs80357867 was found in this study. However, the homozygous double mutant (-/) genotype of this rs80357867 was observed in 11.43% and 1.43% of patients and controls respectively, while 88.57% of patients and 98.57% of controls had a heterozygous deletion (TTTC/-). Concerning rs80358086, 8.57% of the patients had a heterozygous mutation (A/G) with no significantly risk association with occurrence of breast cancer (OR = 6.46; 95% CI: 0.75-55.21; p = 0.11). In addition, this heterozygous mutation was significantly associated with a family history of breast cancer (OR=128; 95% CI: 9.46-1730.93) and breast cancer risk in nonmultiparous women (OR=6; 95% CI: 1-35.90; p= 0.05) but no association with overweight/obesity (OR=1.66; 95% CI: 0.18-15.35; p=1).CONCLUSION: This study shows high frequencies of heterozygous mutation of rs80357867 and rs80358086 from patients. In Burkina Faso, these results could help with early diagnosis of breast cancer in patients

Productivity characteristics and development strategies of Sclerocarya birrea in Burkina Faso

Sclerocarya birrea is a major component of agroforestry parks of Sudano-Sahelian zones, which is exploited by rural populations in Burkina Faso. Recently, Sclerocarya birrea kernel marketing has increasingly developed in Ouagadougou (capital of Burkina Faso). This study aimed at evaluating the productivity, understanding the socio-cultural uses and socio-economic importance of S. birrea among local populations of Burkina Faso. The study has shown that S. birrea is a very fructiferous plant. The number of fruits yielded per tree ranges from 136 to 4256, with mean fruit weight and diameter that are respectively 12.66 and 26.71 mm. The number of kernels per fruit ranged from 1 to 3, with a mean diameter of 4.75 mm. All is not clearly separated to multi-purpose uses. All organs are used in 36 different ways. The pulp and kernels of the fruit are the only by-products marketed by women and mainly girls who dropped out of school.Sclerocarya birrea , composante majeure des parcs agro-forestiers des zones soudano-sah\ue9liennes, est bien connue et exploit\ue9e par les populations rurales au Burkina Faso. Ces derni\ue8res ann\ue9es, la commercialisation des amandes de S. birrea est de plus en plus d\ue9velopp\ue9e \ue0 Ouagadogou (capitale du Burkina Faso). L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude est d\u2019\ue9valuer les param\ue8tres de la productivit\ue9 et \ue0 conna\ueetre les usages socio-culturels et l\u2019importance socio-\ue9conomique de S. birrea, afin d\u2019utiliser l\u2019exploitation des fruits comme strat\ue9gie de sa domestication et de sa valorisation. L\u2019\ue9tude a montr\ue9 que S. birrea est une plante tr\ue8s fructif\ue8re, le nombre de fruits par arbre varie de 136 \ue0 4256 avec un poids et diam\ue8tre moyens de fruit respectivement de 12,66 et 26,71 mm. Le nombre d\u2019amandes varie de 1 \ue0 3 par fruit. L\u2019esp\ue8ce a des usages multiples. Tous les organes sont utilis\ue9s avec 36 utilisations diff\ue9rentes. La pulpe du fruit et l\u2019amande sont les seuls commercialis\ue9s par les femmes et surtout les jeunes filles d\ue9scolaris\ue9es. Les revenus engrang\ue9s servent \ue0 l\u2019achat de vivre, aux soins m\ue9dicaux, \ue0 payer la scolarit\ue9, les fournitures scolaires etc. La production fruiti\ue8re \ue9tant importante, il existe donc un recours \ue9conomique pour les populations locales comme incitation \ue0 prot\ue9ger l\u2019esp\ue8ce

Differential and comparative screening of cowpea varieties to Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke for race specific identification in Burkina Faso

Significant efforts have been made to develop cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) varieties resistant to Striga gesnerioides in Burkina Faso. Despite these efforts, the resistant genotypes developed still express differential responses to Striga gesnerioides in different zones of the country. This suggests existence of intraspecific variability within the parasite. The objective of this study was to assess the intraspecific variability of cowpea genotypes to Striga gesnerioides infection in Burkina Faso. Ten cowpea varieties were screened over two consecutive years, under artificial infestation with 30 ecotypes of Striga seeds at Kamboins\ue9 research station, in a screenhouse in Burkina Faso. Cowpea varieties used included Moussa local, Komsar\ue9 and KVx404-8-1, which are susceptible to all Striga ecotypes; and varieties B301, IT93K-693-2 and IT82D-849, which are free from all Striga ecotypes infestation. Cowpea varieties Tiligr\ue9, 524B, local Gorom and Niizw\ue8 had specific reactions depending on the ecotypes. The study highlights the existence of varietal specificities according to the geographical origin of Striga gesnerioides seeds. The structuring of the intraspecific diversity showed five biotypes, of which three were clearly identified as SG1, SG5 and SG Kp races; and two biotypes could not be identified. Although this study did not allow for a clear determination of the racial affiliation of the two new biotypes, it offers the possibility of developing new strategies to control Striga by focusing on the selection of resistant varieties based on regional specificities of Striga races in each agricultural zone.Des efforts importants ont \ue9t\ue9 consentis pour d\ue9velopper des vari\ue9t\ue9s de ni\ue9b\ue9 r\ue9sistantes au Striga gesnerioides . Malgr\ue9 ces efforts, les g\ue9notypes r\ue9sistants d\ue9velopp\ue9s expriment des r\ue9ponses diff\ue9rentielles au Striga gesnerioides dans diff\ue9rentes zones du pays. Cela sugg\ue8re l\u2019existence d\u2019une variabilit\ue9 intrasp\ue9cifique au sein du parasite. D\u2019o\uf9 la n\ue9cessit\ue9 d\u2019\ue9valuer la variabilit\ue9 intrasp\ue9cifique de Striga gesnerioides. Dix vari\ue9t\ue9s de ni\ue9b\ue9 ont \ue9t\ue9 cribl\ue9es sur deux ann\ue9es successives sous infestation artificielle avec 30 \ue9cotypes de Striga \ue0 la station de recherche de Kamboins\ue9. Des pots en plastique ont \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9s comme parcelles exp\ue9rimentales dispos\ue9es en blocs de Fisher avec trois r\ue9p\ue9titions. Les vari\ue9t\ue9s Moussa Local, Komsar\ue9 et KVx404-8-1 ont \ue9t\ue9 sensibles \ue0 tous les \ue9cotypes tandis que les vari\ue9t\ue9s B301, IT93K-693-2 et IT82D-849 ont \ue9t\ue9 exemptes de toute infestation. Les vari\ue9t\ue9s Tiligr\ue9, 524B, Gorom local et Niizw\ue8 ont eu des r\ue9actions sp\ue9cifiques en fonction des \ue9cotypes. L\u2019\ue9tude a mis en \ue9vidence l\u2019existence de sp\ue9cificit\ue9s vari\ue9tales selon les \ue9cotypes. La structuration de la diversit\ue9 intrasp\ue9cifique a montr\ue9 cinq biotypes dont trois ont \ue9t\ue9 clairement identifi\ue9s comme les races SG1, SG5 et SG Kp et deux n\u2019ont pas pu \ueatre identifi\ue9s. Bien que cette \ue9tude n\u2019ait pas permis de d\ue9terminer l\u2019appartenance raciale des deux nouveaux biotypes, elle offre n\ue9anmoins la possibilit\ue9 de d\ue9velopper de nouvelles strat\ue9gies de lutte contre Striga gesnerioides en se concentrant sur la s\ue9lection de vari\ue9t\ue9s r\ue9sistantes en fonction des sp\ue9cificit\ue9s r\ue9gionales des races de Striga dans chaque zone agricole