870 research outputs found
Hopping Parameter Series Construction for Models with Nontrivial Vacuum
Hopping parameter expansions are convergent power series. Under general
conditions they allow for the quantitative investigation of phase transition
and critical behaviour. The critical information is encoded in the high order
coefficients. Recently, 20th order computations have become feasible and used
for a large class of lattice field models both in finite and infinite volume.
They have been applied to quantum spin models and field theories at finite
temperature. The models considered are subject to a global symmetry
or to an even larger symmetry group such as O(N) with . In this paper
we are concerned with the technical details of series computations to allow for
a nontrivial vacuum expectation value , which is typical for
models that break a global symmetry. Examples are scalar fields
coupled to an external field, or manifestly gauge invariant effective models of
Higgs field condensates in the electroweak theory, even in the high temperature
phase. A nonvanishing tadpole implies an enormous proliferation of graphs and
limits the graphical series computation to the 10th order. To achieve the
hopping parameter series to comparable order as in the symmetric
case, the graphical expansion is replaced by an expansion into new algebraic
objects called vertex structures. In this way the 18th order becomes feasible.Comment: 19 pages, latex2
Dynamical Linked Cluster Expansions: A Novel Expansion Scheme for Point-Link-Point-Interactions
Dynamical linked cluster expansions are linked cluster expansions with
hopping parameter terms endowed with their own dynamics. This amounts to a
generalization from 2-point to point-link-point interactions. We develop an
associated graph theory with a generalized notion of connectivity and describe
an algorithmic generation of the new multiple-line graphs. We indicate physical
applications to spin glasses, partially annealed neural networks and SU(N)
gauge Higgs systems. In particular the new expansion technique provides the
possibility of avoiding the replica-trick in spin glasses. We consider
variational estimates for the SU(2) Higgs model of the electroweak phase
transition. The results for the transition line, obtained by dynamical linked
cluster expansions, agree quite well with corresponding high precision Monte
Carlo results.Comment: 41 pages, latex2e, 10 postscript figure
Arguments for an additional long-lived intermediate in the photocycle of the full-length aureochrome 1c receptor: A time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering study
Bannister S, Böhm E, Zinn T, Hellweg T, Kottke T. Arguments for an additional long-lived intermediate in the photocycle of the full-length aureochrome 1c receptor: A time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering study. Structural Dynamics. 2019;6(3): 34701.Aureochromes (AUREO) act as blue-light photoreceptors in algae. They consist of a light-, oxygen-, voltage-sensitive (LOV) domain and a DNA-binding basic region/leucine zipper. Illumination of the flavin cofactor in LOV leads to the formation of an adduct, followed by global structural changes. Here, we first applied UV/vis spectroscopy to characterize the photocycle of full-length aureochrome 1c (PtAUREO1c) from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. With a time constant of 850 s and a quantum yield of 23%, PtAUREO1c reveals a faster recovery time and a much lower sensitivity toward light than PtAUREO1a, pointing to its role as a high light sensor in vivo. UV/vis spectroscopy offers details on the local recovery of the flavin chromophore. However, kinetic information on the global structural recovery of full-length AUREO or any other multidomain LOV protein is missing. This information is essential not least for the photoreceptors' applications as optogenetic devices. Therefore, we established a procedure to apply small-angle X-ray scattering on PtAUREO1c in a time-resolved manner employing an in-house setup. In combination with UV/vis spectroscopy under similar conditions, we revealed a discrepancy between the recovery of the global protein structure and the adduct lifetime. Accordingly, we propose to supplement the photocycle by an intermediate state (I447), which decays with a time constant of about 800 s and prolongs the lifetime of the signaling state
Shear recovery and temperature stability of Ca2+ and Ag+ glycolipid fibrillar metallogels with unusual -sheet-like domains
Low-molecular weight gelators (LMWG) are small molecules (Mw < ~1 kDa), which
form self-assembled fibrillar networks (SAFiN) hydrogels in water. The great
majority of SAFiN gels is described by an entangled network of self-assembled
fibers, in analogy to a polymer in a good solvent. Here, fibrillation of a
biobased glycolipid bolaamphiphile is triggered by Ca2+ or Ag+ ions, added to
its diluted micellar phase. The resulting SAFiN, which forms hydrogel above 0.5
wt%, has a ``nano-fishnet'' structure, characterized by a fibrous network of
both entangled fibers and -sheets-like rafts, generally observed for
silk fibroin, actin hydrogels or mineral imogolite nanotubes, but generally not
known for SAFiN. This work focuses on the strength of the SAFIN gels, their
fast recovery after applying a mechanical stimulus (strain) and their unusual
resistance to temperature, studied by coupling rheology to small angle X-ray
scattering (rheo-SAXS) using synchrotron radiation. The Ca2+-based hydrogel
keeps its properties up to 55{\textdegree}C, while the Ag+-based gel shows a
constant elastic modulus up to 70{\textdegree}C, without appearance of any
gel-to-sol transition temperature. Furthermore, the glycolipid is obtained by
fermentation from natural resources (glucose, rapeseed oil), thus showing that
naturally-engineered compounds can have unprecedented properties, when compared
to the wide range of chemically derived amphiphiles
The Rapidly Rotating, Hydrogen Deficient, Hot Post-Asymptotic Giant Branch Star ZNG 1 in the Globular Cluster M5
We report observations of the hot post-asymptotic giant branch star ZNG 1 in
the globular cluster M5 (NGC 5904) with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic
Explorer (FUSE). From the resulting spectrum, we derive an effective
temperature T_eff = 44300 +/- 300 K, a surface gravity log g = 4.3 +/- 0.1, a
rotational velocity v sin i = 170 +/- 20 km/s, and a luminosity log (L/L_sun) =
3.52 +/- 0.04. The atmosphere is helium-rich (Y = 0.93), with enhanced carbon
(2.6% by mass), nitrogen (0.51%) and oxygen (0.37%) abundances. The spectrum
shows evidence for a wind with terminal velocity near 1000 km/s and an
expanding shell of carbon- and nitrogen-rich material around the star. The
abundance pattern of ZNG 1 is suggestive of the ``born-again'' scenario,
whereby a star on the white-dwarf cooling curve undergoes a very late shell
flash and returns to the AGB, but the star's rapid rotation is more easily
explained by a previous interaction with a binary companion.Comment: 8 pages, 2 PostScript figures, Latex with emulateapj5. Accepted for
publication in ApJ Letter
Encapsulated Zosteric Acid Embedded in Poly[3-hydroxyalkanoate] Coatings—Protection against Biofouling
Summary : The natural, non-toxic antifouling compound zosteric acid (ZA, p-coumaric acid sulfate) was encapsulated in polystyrene (PS) microcapsules (30 mg ZA /1 g PS) with an efficiency of 30 % via an in-liquid drying process. Electron micrographs showed microcapsules with smooth surfaces and a mean diameter of 200 μm. The FIB method was used to cross-section a microcapsule in order to visualize the inner capsule structure and to localize ZA via element analysis. Coatings of a biocompatible polyester, poly[3-hydroxyalkanoate-co-3-hydroxyalkenoate] (PHAE), were prepared on microscopic slides. These coatings contained dispersed ZA (PHAE/ZA) or ZA-loaded PS microcapsules (PHAE/PS(ZA)). The release of ZA was monitored via conductivy measurements in water and was 4 μgcm-2d-1 for PHAE/ZA and 0.9 μgcm-2d-1 for PHAE/PS(ZA) coatings. To follow the initial steps of biofilm formation, coated slides were exposed to activated sludge and analyzed for cell adhesion with ESEM. ZA was effective during the burst release time of the PHAE/ZA coating, but no significant differences in biofouling were observed after 48 h. This was attributed to the minimal effective release rate of ZA, which is approximately 10 μgcm-2d-
Application of Genetic Algorithms to Structure Elucidation of Halogenated Alkanes Considering the Corresponding 13C NMR Spectra
A new approach for structure elucidation using genetic algorithms is introduced. In analogy to the genetic programming paradigm developed by Koza, the new concept supports genetic operations on hierarchically coded chemical line notations. The implementation of this concept consists of 5 steps. In the first step, a start population of chemical compounds is randomly generated. As the second step, physical properties of each compound of the population are predicted. The third step is the comparison of each individual property with the observed property of an unknown compound, resulting in the calculation of the fitness value for each generated compound. Depending on the fitness values, the candidates for the next generation are selected by a spinning wheel procedure during the fourth step. In the last step, these candidates are rearranged by genetic mutation and crossover to form the next generation. Steps 2 to 5 of the described procedure are repeated until the spectrum of one candidate is almost equal to the spectrum of the unknown compound within acceptable tolerances. The introduced concept was verified for halogenated alkanes
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