Comunidade de pesquisa global: ¿o que os padrões internacionais de coautoria dizem sobre sua estrutura?

Global research community represents a noteworthy object for sociological studies. In this paper we regards it as an entity with network structure and try to analyze the current state of this structure and its recent dynamics. Among the many various approaches to studying the network links that bring together the researchers all over the world, we choose to look at the structure of international co-authorship of research papers published in journals indexed by Scopus Elsevier database. We try to provide a general outline of the network structure, to reveal distinct regional clusters existing at the various levels of this structure, and to discover whatever significant changes took place in the network structure over the last 25 years.La comunidad de investigación global representa un objeto notable para los estudios sociológicos. En este documento, lo consideramos como una entidad con estructura de red e intentamos analizar el estado actual de esta estructura y su dinámica reciente. Entre los diversos enfoques para estudiar los enlaces de red que reúnen a los investigadores de todo el mundo, elegimos observar la estructura de la coautoría internacional de los trabajos de investigación publicados en revistas indexadas por la base de datos Scopus Elsevier. Intentamos proporcionar una descripción general de la estructura de la red, revelar los distintos grupos regionales que existen en los distintos niveles de esta estructura y descubrir los cambios significativos que tuvieron lugar en la estructura de la red durante los últimos 25 años.A comunidade global de pesquisa representa um objeto notável para os estudos sociológicos. Neste trabalho nós o consideramos como uma entidade com estrutura de rede e tentamos analisar o estado atual dessa estrutura e sua dinâmica recente. Entre as várias abordagens para o estudo dos links de rede que reúnem pesquisadores de todo o mundo, optamos por analisar a estrutura de coautoria internacional de trabalhos de pesquisa publicados em periódicos indexados pela base de dados Scopus Elsevier. Tentamos fornecer um esboço geral da estrutura da rede, revelar clusters regionais distintos existentes nos vários níveis dessa estrutura e descobrir as mudanças significativas ocorridas na estrutura da rede nos últimos 25 anos

Анализ гендерных различий в показателях ожидаемой продолжительности жизни и роль индивидуальных ценностных ориентаций

This paper presents the results of a study of the links between the gender gap in life expectancy, on the one hand, and differences in value attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle between men and women, on the other

Some implications of the changes in the world population distribution: How globalized will the world remain?

For the first-world citizens, globalization seems to be an all-pervasive phenomenon; however, the global connectivity rates differ dramatically for various countries. What will the situation be in, let say, fifty years? The article aims to show how the future demographic changes can influence absolute numbers and relative proportions of societies with different levels of global connectivity. To estimate the national rates of global connectivity the authors rely on the countries’ participation in global networks, such as trade in goods, trade in services, foreign direct investment (FDI), and international migration. As the scenario of the demographic future, the authors use medium population projections of 2017 calculated by the United Nations Population Division. The authors applied a two-stage method: first, they constructed network models and analyzed the structure of networks to reveal the positions of countries in order to estimate their rates of global connectivity and identify six groups of countries according to their global connectivity rates. Second, the authors combined the results of network analysis with demographic projections to find out how many people are expected to live in the countries with different connectivity rates in the nearest decades (let say, up to 2050) and in the more distant future (2100). The results show that nearly a half of the world population (3.46 billion) lives in highly-connected countries but the situation will dramatically change in the coming decades. The proportion of population in the highly- and highly-medium-connected countries will decline by 2050 and further by 2100, while the proportion of residents of medium- and low-connected (and to some extent of lowest-low-connected) countries will significantly grow

Efficacy and Safety of Netakimab, A Novel Anti-IL-17 Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients with Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis. Results of A 54-Week Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled PLANETA Clinical Trial

Altres ajuts: Sponsorship for this study and the Rapid Service Fee were funded by JSC BIOCAD, Ul. Italianskaya 17, St Petersburg, Russia, 191186Introduction: Netakimab (NTK), an original humanized anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody, showed therapeutic efficacy in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in a phase 2 clinical study. Herein we report the results of 54 weeks of a phase 3 PLANETA trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two NTK regimens vs. placebo. Methods: Two hundred thirteen patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis were randomly assigned to receive NTK 120 mg once every 2 weeks (NTK Q2W), NTK 120 mg once every 4 weeks (NTK Q4W) or placebo. During the first 3 weeks, patients received subcutaneous injections of NTK or placebo (according to the allocation) once a week. Patients in the NTK Q2W group then received NTK at weeks 4, 6, 8 and 10. Subjects in the NTK Q4W group received NTK at weeks 6 and 10 and placebo at weeks 4 and 8. Patients in the placebo group received placebo injections at weeks 4, 6, 8 and 10. Treatment was unblinded at week 12. During the open-label phase, patients in both NTK groups continued to receive NTK Q4W. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients in each group who achieved a ≥ 75% reduction from baseline in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI 75) at week 12. Results: A total of 77.7%, 83.3% and 0% of patients had a PASI 75 response at week 12 in the NTK Q2W, NTK Q4W and placebo groups, respectively (P < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test, ITT). The effect was maintained throughout the 1-year treatment. NTK showed a good safety profile and low immunogenicity. Conclusion: Treatment with NTK results in high rates of sustained clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. The study is ongoing; thus, long-term use efficacy and safety data are forthcoming. Clinical Trial Registration: The trial is registered at the US National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT03390101)

Демографический потенциал половозрастной структуры как фактор динамики численности населения

The study aims to assess the sex-age population structure in terms of its impact on the up-coming dynamics of natural increase and, consequently, on the general change in the population size. There are various approaches to assessing this influence, proposed and used by scientists who have studied this aspect of demographic dynamics. This article discusses a relatively simple indica-tor of the sex-age population structure, which allows estimating its future influence on the ratio of births to deaths, and on the natural population growth. The indicator proposed is the so-called demographic potential of the sex-age structure, which is the ratio of female population aged 10–39 to the population of both sexes aged 65 years and older. The number of births in the next 10–15 years largely depends on the size of the first one, while the number of deaths in this period depends on the size of the second one.Before using the demographic potential of the sex-age structure to forecast the dynamics of natural population growth, a retrospective assessment of the relation of this potential with subse-quent natural population growth should be carried out for some particular time point in the past. We chose the sex-age structure of the mid-2000s and the natural increase (per 1000 population) in 2000–2015 for such assessment, accounting for 201 countries. The high value of the correlation coefficient (0.815) indicates that the current sex-age structure and its demographic potential can be used (with varying degrees of conditionality, of course) to forecast the future dynamics of natural growth. In turn, the size of the demographic potential of the sex-age structure of the population depends on the preceding levels of fertility and mortality.An assessment of the demographic potential of the sex-age population structure in mid-2015 for 201 countries of the world showed that in a number of countries in Asia and Africa the value of this potential exceeds 10, so significant natural population growth is highly probable there in the next 10–15 years. Meanwhile, in a number of European countries the value of this potential is less than 1 (i.e., the population aged 65 years and older is larger than the female population aged 10–39 years), which is likely to result in a very small natural increase (in case of a favorable mode of pop-ulation reproduction) or even a natural decline.Цель: Целью исследования является оценка половозрастной структуры населения с точки зрения ее влияния на предстоящую динамику естественного прироста и, следовательно, в целом на изменение численности населения. Существуют различные подходы к оценке этого влияния, предложенные и использовавшиеся учеными, исследовавшими этот аспект демографической динамики. В данной статье рассматривается сравнительно простой индикатор половозрастной структуры населения, который позволяет судить о том, как она в перспективе может влиять на соотношение чисел родившихся и умерших, на естественный прирост населения.Материалы и методы: В качестве такого индикатора предлагается, так называемый, демографический потенциал половозрастной структуры населения, который представляет собой отношение численности женского населения в возрасте 10–39 лет к численности населения обоих полов в возрасте 65 лет и старше. От величины первой из них в существенной степени зависит число родившихся в ближайшие 10–15 лет, а от величины второй – число умерших в этот период.Результаты: Прежде, чем использовать демографический потенциал половозрастной структуры населения с целью прогнозной оценки характера динамики естественного прироста населения, необходимо провести ретроспективную оценку связи этого потенциала на ту или иную дату с последующим естественным приростом населения. В данном исследовании такая оценка была осуществлена на основе данных о половозрастной структуре населения на середину 2000 г. и естественном приросте (на 1000 населения) за 2000–2015 гг. по 201 стране мира. Высокая величина коэффициента корреляции (0,815) свидетельствует о возможности с той или иной степенью условности, с теми или иными допущениями предсказывать характер предстоящей динамики естественного прироста исходя из нынешней половозрастной структуры населения, ее демографического потенциала. В свою очередь величина демографического потенциала половозрастной структуры населения зависит от уровней рождаемости и смертности, которые имели место в предшествующий период.Заключение: Оценка демографического потенциала половозрастной структуры населения на середину 2015 г. по 201 стране мира показала, что, с одной стороны, в ряде стран Азии и Африки величина этого потенциала превышает 10 и в них велика вероятность значительного естественного прироста населения в ближайшие 10–15 лет, а, с другой, в ряде европейских стран величина этого потенциала меньше 1 (т.е. численность населения в возрасте 65 лет и старше больше численности женского населения в возрасте 10–39 лет) и в них можно ожидать очень небольшой естественный прирост населения (при благоприятном режиме воспроизводства населения) или даже его естественную убыль

Toxicity Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Analysis of Immune-Related Adverse Events with a Pembrolizumab Biosimilar (Pembroria)

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of patients with malignancies treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti–PD-1) agent pembrolizumab. One of the important aspects of conducting clinical trials with ICIs is the assessment of the risk of developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs).The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety of a pembrolizumab biosimilar (BCD-201, Pembroria) compared with a reference medicinal product using the results of a phase I clinical trial and the available medical literature.Materials and methods. A phase I double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial (BCD-201-1) has been conducted in patients with advanced melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (n=131). Patients were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive either BCD-201 (Pembroria) or the reference medicinal product (Keytruda®), administered intravenously at a dose of 200 mg every 3 weeks for up to 24 weeks or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity is observed. Since the trial results remain blinded at the time of this writing, treatment group data are masked.Results. The study demonstrated the equivalence of pharmacokinetics and comparable safety profiles of pembrolizumab biosimilar and reference medicinal products. Both medicinal products were well tolerated; the frequency of all-grade irAEs was comparable between treatment groups (21.2% in Group 1 vs 21.5% in Group 2). Most irAEs were mild to moderate, with the exception of a case of Grade 3 diarrhoea and immune-mediated enterocolitis in one study subject; there were no statistically significant differences in the median time to development of irAEs between treatment groups (Р=0.22, two-sided Wilcoxon test).Conclusions. The analysed period of the BCD-201-1 trial demonstrated comparable safety characteristics of Pembroria and Keytruda®, which is consistent with the published safety data on the latter. Information on the similarity of long-term safety profiles of the pembrolizumab biosimilar and the reference medicinal product will be obtained from ongoing clinical trials

The relationship between international trade and non-nutritional health outcomes : A systematic review of quantitative studies

Markets throughout the world have been reducing barriers to international trade and investment in recent years. The resulting increases in levels of international trade and investment have subsequently generated research interest into the potential population health impact. We present a systematic review of quantitative studies investigating the relationship between international trade, foreign direct investment and non-nutritional health outcomes. Articles were systematically collected from the SCOPUS, PubMed, EconLit and Web of Science databases. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the evidence considered, the 16 included articles were subdivided into individual level data analyses, selected country analyses and international panel analyses. Articles were then quality assessed using a tool developed as part of the project. Nine of the studies were assessed to be high quality, six as medium quality, and one as low quality. The evidence from the quantitative literature suggests that overall, there appears to be a beneficial association between international trade and population health. There was also evidence of the importance of foreign direct investment, yet a lack of research considering the direction of causality. Taken together, quantitative research into the relationship between trade and non-nutritional health indicates trade to be beneficial, yet this body of research is still in its infancy. Future quantitative studies based on this foundation will provide a stronger basis on which to inform relevant national and international institutions about the health consequences of trade policies