326 research outputs found

    Pyrimidine Pathway-Dependent and -Independent Functions of the Toxoplasma gondii Mitochondrial Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase

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    Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) mediates the fourth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and is a proven drug target for inducing immunosuppression in therapy of human disease as well as a rapidly emerging drug target for treatment of malaria. In Toxoplasma gondii, disruption of the first, fifth, or sixth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis induced uracil aux- otrophy. However, previous attempts to generate uracil auxotrophy by genetically deleting the mitochondrion-associated DHODH of T. gondii (Tg DHODH) failed. To further address the essentiality of Tg DHODH, mutant gene alleles deficient in Tg DHODH activity were designed to ablate the enzyme activity. Replacement of the endogenous DHODH gene with catalytically deficient DHODH gene alleles induced uracil auxotrophy. Catalytically deficient Tg DHODH localized to the mitochondria, and parasites retained mitochondrial membrane potential. These results show that Tg DHODH is essential for the synthesis of pyrimidines and suggest that Tg DHODH is required for a second essential function independent of its role in pyrimidine biosynthesis

    A potential mouse model for the erosive vitreoretinopathy of Wagner disease

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    Patients with the very rare eye pathology Wagner disease (OMIM #143200) present with an abnormal (empty) vitreous, retinal detachment and altered electroretinogram (ERG). The disease is progressive and can eventually lead to blindness. No therapy can be offered to date. The genetic basis is the presence of mutations in the VCAN gene, encoding the large extracellular matrix molecule versican, which is a component of the vitreous. All identified mutations map to the canonical splice sites flanking exon 8, resulting in low number of aberrant splice products and a severe increase in two (V2, V3) of the four naturally occurring splice variants. The pathomechanism of Wagner's disease is poorly understood and a mouse model may afford further insight. The hdf -/- mice, named for their initial phenotype of heart defects, carry a null allele for Vcan that leads to embryonic lethality when homozygous, but heterozygote animals are viable. Here we investigated a possible eye phenotype in the heterozygous animals. While the overall morphology of retina and ciliary body appears to be normal, older (17 months) mutant animals show a decrease in ERG signaling profiles affecting the a-, b- and c-waves. This aspect of altered ERG profile demonstrates similarities to the human disease manifestation and underlines the suitability of heterozygous hdf+/- mice as a model for Wagner disease

    Hjort i Hedmark: Resultater fra GPS-merking 2002–2011

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    Prosjektet Hjort i Hedmark var en del av samarbeidsprosjektet HjortAreal, som undersĂžkte hjortens arealbruk, Ăžkologisk bĂŠrekraft og hjort som nĂŠring i MĂžre & Romsdal og SĂžr-TrĂžndelag, Sogn i Hordaland, Buskerud, Haugalandet i Rogaland/Hordaland og Hedmark. StudieomrĂ„det i Hedmark hadde en unik posisjon i prosjektet fordi det representerte et ytterpunkt i forhold til klima, landskapsstruktur og tetthet av elg (Alces alces). Vi undersĂžkte Hedmarkshjortens trekkmĂžnster og habitatbruk og da spesielt bruken av innmark og foringsplasser. Hjortemerking med GPS radiosendere begynte i Hedmark i 2002 og ble avsluttet vinteren 2011. Det ble totalt merket 51 hinder og vi fikk bra nok data fra 48 hinder. Sammenlignet med de andre studieomrĂ„dene i HjortAreal-prosjektet var andelen trekkdyr hĂžyest i Hedmark, der hele 96 % av hjortehindene var trekkdyr, og kun 4 % stasjonĂŠre. OgsĂ„ trekkavstandene var lengst i Hedmark. Hjorten trakk i gjennomsnitt 36.7 ± 7.5 km (2 SE) og tre av hjortene hadde sine respektive sommeromrĂ„der rundt 100 km i luftlinje fra merkeplassen. Trekktidene er noksĂ„ sammenlignbare over hele SĂžr-Norge, med vĂ„rtrekket i lĂžpet av april-mai og hĂžsttrekket i august-september. Det var stor variasjon pĂ„ stĂžrrelse av bĂ„de vinter- og sommeromrĂ„de. Gjennomsnittlig var vinteromrĂ„de og sommeromrĂ„de pĂ„ henholdsvis 18.8 km2ÂŹ (minst – stĂžrst 1.9–83.0 km2) og 22.9 km2 (1.7–98.0 km2). Avhengig av hvor hindene hadde sine vinteromrĂ„der trakk de enten til hĂžyereliggende eller lavereliggende sommeromrĂ„de, eller vinter- og sommeromrĂ„dene overlappet hverandre. Hjortens omrĂ„debruk ble styrt av menneskeskapte matressurser. Hele 10.5 % av posisjonene var knyttet til menneskeskapte konsentrasjoner av mat, enten de var innen 100 m av nĂŠrmeste foringsplass (3.1 %), eller pĂ„ innmark (7.4 %). I mĂ„nedsskifte februar-mars var en tredjedel av alle GPS-posisjonene knyttet til foringsplasser. NĂ„r bruken av foringsplasser avtok utover vinteren, fikk innmark mer og mer betydning. Innmarksarealet dekket gjennomsnittlig 3.4 ± 1.3 % (2 SE) av sommerleveomrĂ„dene, og tilgangen varierte sterkt mellom hindene og omrĂ„dene. Hindene oppholdt seg lenger enn forventet pĂ„ innmark nattestid mens de brukte mindre tid enn forventet pĂ„ innmark pĂ„ dagtid. Samtlige foringsplasser i hoveddalfĂžret langs Glomma i Stor-Elvdal og Rendalen kommuner hadde spor etter hjort, men ingen av foringsplassene hadde hĂžye tettheter av bĂ„de elg og hjort. Vi kan kun spekulere hvorvidt foring av elg har vĂŠrt en medvirkende Ă„rsak for den nylige Ăžkningen i hjortebestanden i Hedmark. Vi har diskutert bĂ„de plantefenologi-, konkurranse-, sosial barriere- og antipredator-hypotesen som en forklaring for Hedmarkhjortens trekkatferd med lange avstander og stor andel av trekkende dyr. Det kan tenkes et samspill av flere av disse hypotesene som grunnlag for at andel trekkdyr er hĂžyest og trekkrutene er lengst i Hedmark sammenlignet med de andre studieomrĂ„dene. Som delvis trekkende art kan hjorten utfordre forvaltningen. Fordi hjorten stort sett er tilbake pĂ„ vinteromrĂ„dene til jaktstart, kan kommune eller jaktvald vĂŠre tilstrekkelig forvaltningsenhet, men ved en mer helthetlig forvaltning som tar hensyn til biologisk mangfold, vern av kalvingsomrĂ„der og tiltak mot viltulykker, bĂžr den romlige forvaltningsenheten vĂŠre pĂ„ regionalt nivĂ„

    Hjortens trekkmĂžnster skaper forvaltningsutfordringer i Hedmark

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    Jaktstatistikken fra Hedmark fylke tilsier at hjorten er tilbake for godt i Hedmark og befinner seg i en sterk vekstfase. Med det fĂžlger mange forvaltningsutfordringer. Vi har studert hjortens forflytningsmĂžnster og trekkatferd ved Ă„ merke 51 hinder med GPS pĂ„ fire merkeplasser i henholdsvis Rendalen, Stor-Elvdal, Åmot og Stange kommune. De aller fleste hindene oppholdt seg i et sommeromrĂ„de som var atskilt fra vinteromrĂ„det. Avstanden mellom de to omrĂ„dene var gjennomsnittlig lenger enn for hinder merket pĂ„ Vest- og SĂžrlandet. For tre av hindene var avstanden rundt 100 km. PĂ„ trekkruten var hindene innom forskjellige kommuner, og totalt ble vĂ„rt studieomrĂ„de utvidet fra de fire vinterkommunene til 29 kommuner for hele Ă„ret. Vi anbefaler derfor en mer regional forvaltning av hjorten enn dagens forvaltning pĂ„ eiendoms- eller kommunenivĂ„. Innmark og fĂŽringsplasser ble flittig brukt av hindene, og da spesielt nattestid. OvervĂ„kning av fĂŽringsplasser for elg som opprinnelig ble etablert for Ă„ redusere trafikkulykker og beiteskader i skogen, viste at hjorten var til stede pĂ„ samtlige plasser langs Glommas hoveddalfĂžre i Stor-Elvdal og Rendalen kommuner. Mye tyder pĂ„ at hjorten har tatt over flere plasser, og at elg og hjort til en viss grad unngikk hverandre i tid og rom. Det kan tenkes at hjorten kan minske den Ăžnskede effekten av vinterfĂŽring av elg. Hvis vinterfĂŽring skal fortsette, anbefaler vi Ă„ legge ut flere siloballer samtidig per fĂŽringsplass for Ă„ sikre elgens tilgang til fĂŽr

    Low aerobic mitochondrial energy metabolism in poorly- or undifferentiated neuroblastoma

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) has been associated with carcinogenesis in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. In the present study we investigated components of the oxidative phosphorylation system in human neuroblastoma tissue samples.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Spectrophotometric measurements, immunohistochemical analysis and Western blot analysis were used to characterize the aerobic mitochondrial energy metabolism in neuroblastomas (NB).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared to mitochondrial citrate synthase, SDH activity was severely reduced in NB (n = 14) versus kidney tissue. However no pathogenic mutations could be identified in any of the four subunits of SDH. Furthermore, no genetic alterations could be identified in the two novel SDH assembly factors SDHAF1 and SDH5. Alterations in genes encoding nfs-1, frataxin and isd-11 that could lead to a diminished SDH activity have not been detected in NB.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Because downregulation of other complexes of the oxidative phosphorylation system was also observed, a more generalized reduction of mitochondrial respiration seems to be present in neuroblastoma in contrast to the single enzyme defect found in hereditary pheochromocytomas.</p

    Selective Attenuation of Norepinephrine Release and Stress-Induced Heart Rate Increase by Partial Adenosine A1 Agonism

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    The release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) is modulated by presynaptic adenosine receptors. In the present study we investigated the effect of a partial activation of this feedback mechanism. We hypothesized that partial agonism would have differential effects on NE release in isolated hearts as well as on heart rate in vivo depending on the genetic background and baseline sympathetic activity. In isolated perfused hearts of Wistar and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), NE release was induced by electrical stimulation under control conditions (S1), and with capadenoson 6 · 10−8 M (30 ”g/l), 6 · 10−7 M (300 ”g/l) or 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) 10−6 M (S2). Under control conditions (S1), NE release was significantly higher in SHR hearts compared to Wistar (766+/−87 pmol/g vs. 173+/−18 pmol/g, p<0.01). Capadenoson led to a concentration-dependent decrease of the stimulation–induced NE release in SHR (S2/S1 = 0.90±0.08 with capadenoson 6 · 10−8 M, 0.54±0.02 with 6 · 10−7 M), but not in Wistar hearts (S2/S1 = 1.05±0.12 with 6 · 10−8 M, 1.03±0.09 with 6 · 10−7 M). CCPA reduced NE release to a similar degree in hearts from both strains. In vivo capadenoson did not alter resting heart rate in Wistar rats or SHR. Restraint stress induced a significantly greater increase of heart rate in SHR than in Wistar rats. Capadenoson blunted this stress-induced tachycardia by 45% in SHR, but not in Wistar rats. Using a [35S]GTPÎłS assay we demonstrated that capadenoson is a partial agonist compared to the full agonist CCPA (74+/−2% A1-receptor stimulation). These results suggest that partial adenosine A1-agonism dampens stress-induced tachycardia selectively in rats susceptible to strong increases in sympathetic activity, most likely due to a presynaptic attenuation of NE release

    Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

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    A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than 60∘60^{\circ} detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above 5.3×10185.3{\times}10^{18} eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law E−γE^{-\gamma} with index Îł=2.70±0.02 (stat)±0.1 (sys)\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)} followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy (EsE_\text{s}) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find Es=(5.12±0.25 (stat)−1.2+1.0 (sys))×1019E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19} eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

    Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

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    The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
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