National and European Champions - Burden or Blessing?

Entwicklung, EU-Staaten, Economic development, EU countries

Preliminary empirical evidence regarding the pricing of estimation risk / 1171

Includes bibliographical references

JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES – MEDICAL CARE, MINORS AND THE RELIGIOUS RITE/RIGHT

Responsible and caring parents seek the best possible medical care for their children. In the case of parents who are Jehovah’s Witnesses their religious beliefs prohibit medical intervention which uses blood. This prohibition specifically includes the refusal of blood transfusions even where such a refusal may result in the death of the person concerned. Jehovah’s Witnesses as a result are often viewed with animosity or contempt, considered foolhardy and recklessly disregarding life, martyring themselves and their children. This article seeks to examine the religious origins of the blood prohibition and attempts to set the rationale for refusal in its religious context. It also explores the approach of the courts in the UK, the US and Canada to Jehovah’s Witnesses children (supported by their parents) including those who have expressed a wish to refuse such treatment or else have been too young to do so. It concludes with presenting such refusal as a religious right which it is argued engages article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

Oppression, Empowerment, and the Role of the Interpreter

This paper examines the history of oppression of the Deaf as a cultural minority and the ways in which interpreters may contribute to oppression. The paper then shows how interpreters can recognize and stop such oppressive tendencies and how they can instead empower the Deaf as an ally. Society views the Deaf as defective and requires that they conform to the hearing majority—a type of oppression called audism—this can cause interpreters to unconsciously form a negative view of their Deaf clients. Also, because interpreters are often the only ones that understand what is going on between both languages and cultures, they are in a powerful position that could easily be abused. Even after the establishment of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID), interpreters have still frequently caused oppression in the Deaf community, and whether that oppression is caused by ignorance or lack of respect, becoming aware of such tendencies will help to stop oppression. Oppression ceases and empowerment begins when the interpreter becomes an ally, someone who comes alongside and supports the Deaf. There are many different ways to empower the Deaf, such as using a Certified Deaf Interpreter (CDI) and constantly working at improving competence with skills in interpreting and American Sign Language (ASL). The end goal is dynamic equivalence for Deaf and hearing clients. It is when both hearing and Deaf people work alongside each other that the cycle of oppression will be broken

Validity of Daytime Urinary Frequency as a Tool for Assessing Hydration

Introduction: It is known that 24-h void number is a valid way to assess hydration status. However, no studies have examined if urinary frequency just during the waking hours (~18 h) is a valid indicator of hydration status. Purpose: This study was conducted in order to determine if void number during only the waking hours was a valid indicator of hydration status compared to total voids over a 24-hour period. Methods: The subjects in this study consisted of 14 males and 18 females 18-80 yrs old who were healthy and not currently taking any body fluid altering medications. This study consisted of three trials, one familiarization and two experimental. Subjects underwent one dehydrated trial in which fluid intake was limited to 500 mL per day and one hydrated trial in which fluid consumption was encouraged. The subjects were asked to collect all urinary voids in jugs at the moment of first urge. For each void, urgency, thirst, and time of day (making note of which voids occurring during the non-waking hours) were recorded on the side of the jug and the level was marked. Results: The number of voids in 24-h while euhydrated and dehydrated was (7 ± 3) and (4 ± 2), respectively. Counting only the waking hour void number yielded a similar void number for both euhydrated and dehydrated (7 ± 3) and (4 ± 2), relative to the 24-h void number (P \u3e 0.05). The only factor that effected void number was hydration status (P2O and 1.012 ± .004, respectively. USG and OSM for the dehydrated trial was 878 ± 133 mOsm/kg H2O and 1.023 ± .003, respectively. Conclusions: It does not matter if an individual counts total number of voids over 24-h or just waking hour voids; there is only a difference in void number when comparing hydration status. This is important because it means that an individual can just count how many voids they have throughout the course of the day (i.e., waking) for an indicator of hydration status. In this study voiding ~7 times during the day was the average for those in a hydrated state, and ~4 for those in the dehydrated state