197 research outputs found
Comparison of raw and processed Radix Polygoni Multiflori (Heshouwu) by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Radix Polygoni Multiflori </it>is the dried root tuber of <it>Polygonum multiflorum </it>Thunb. (Fam. Polygonaceae). According to Chinese medicine theory, raw (R-RPM) and processed (P-RPM) <it>Radix Polygoni Multiflori </it>possess different properties. The present study investigates the differences in chemistry between raw and processed <it>Radix Polygoni Multiflori</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Five pairs of R-RPM and P-RPM as well as 15 commercial decoction pieces were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two anthraquinones, namely emodin-8-<it>O</it>-(6'-<it>O</it>-malonyl)-glucoside and physcion-8-<it>O</it>-(6'-<it>O</it>-malonyl)-glucoside disappeared or decreased significantly and 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-<it>O</it>-<it>β</it>-<it>D</it>-glucopyranoside, emodin-8-<it>O</it>-<it>β</it>-<it>D</it>-glucopyranoside and physcion-8-<it>O</it>-<it>β</it>-<it>D</it>-glucopyranoside decreased after the R-RPM samples being processed. On the other hand, the contents of emodin and physcion generally increased after processing.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study indicates that processing <it>Radix Polygoni Multiflori </it>may change the contents and types of chemicals in it. These changes are probably responsible for the various pharmacological effects of R-RPM and P-RPM as well as hepatotoxicity.</p
A Characterization for Compact Sets in the Space of Fuzzy Star-Shaped Numbers with L
By means of some auxiliary lemmas, we obtain a characterization of compact
subsets in the space of all fuzzy star-shaped numbers with Lp metric for 1â¤p<â. The result further completes and develops the previous characterization of compact subsets given by Wu and Zhao in 2008
Sensing Task Allocation for Heterogeneous Channels in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
In the traditional centralized cooperative spectrum sensing, all secondary users sense the same channel. But, for a given channel, there exists detection performance diversity among all the users, due to the different signal-fading process. Involving the user with poor performance in cooperative sensing will not only deteriorate the detection correctness but also waste the sensing time. In the heterogeneous channels, the problem is even severe. A novel idea is to allocate the secondary users to sense different channels. We analyze the allocation problem before formulate it to be an optimization problem, which is a NP-hard problem. Then we propose the declined complexity algorithm in equal secondary user case and the two-hierarchy approach algorithm in unequal case. With the simulation, we verify the near optimality of the proposed algorithms and the advantage of the task allocation
Bis(Îź-2,2â˛-{[4-(carbÂoxyÂmethÂoxy)phenÂyl]azaÂnediÂyl}diacetato)ÂbisÂ[(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II)]
The crystal structure of the binuclear title compound, [Cu2(C12H11NO7)2(C12H8N2)2], consists of a complex molÂecule, which lies about a crystallographic inversion centre with one half-molÂecule in the asymmetric unit. The CuII cation is bonded to three N atoms and three O atoms, in a JahnâTeller-distorted octaÂhedral geometry. The basal plane is defined by the two N atoms from the 1,10-phenathroline and two deprotonated O atoms of the polycarboxylÂate ligand. The axial positions are occupied by the azane N atom and a bridging carboxylÂate O atom from the second polycarboxylÂate ligand. The complex molÂecules are linked through OâHâŻO hydrogen bonds into extended chains running parallel to [010]
Investigation of food consumption of Jinuo ethnic minority residents in Jinghong district
ObjectiveTo analyze the dietary structure and food consumption status of Jinuo ethnic minority residents in Yunnan Province.MethodsThree hundred and ninty two Jinuo ethnic minority residents aged from 20 to 80 were selected from 12 inhabited neighborhood of Jinghong distrisct in Yunnan Province by stratified cluster sampling method. Their dietary structure were investigated by dietary survey and questionnaire. T-test and the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test were utilized to analyze their dietary intake and nutritional status.ResultsThe average intake per standard person day was calculated. The amount of cereal and potato intake was 297.1 g ďźrice and its products 264.5 gďź flour and their products 13.0 gďź other cereals 0.4 gďź potato 19.2 gďź. The intake of vegetable was 228.3 g ďźdark vegetable 49.7 gďź light vegetable 178.6 gďź. The intakes of fruitďź animalistic foodďź aquatic productsďź milk and its productsďź beans and its productsďź nutsďź cooking oil and salt were 59.3ďź 137.2ďź 29.0ďź 7.0ďź 27.5ďź 5.0ďź 42.0ďź 8.4 gďź respectively. The intakes of fruitďź animal foodďź beans and its productsďź aquatic productsďź nuts and cooking oil were higher than the average dietary intake for Chinese residents in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2013ďź while the intakes of cereal and potato foodďź vegetableďź fruitďź eggsďź milk and its products and salt were lowerďźP<0.05ďź.ConclusionIt showed that the intake of nutrients in Jinuo ethnic minority residents aged from 20 to 80 years were insufficient in Jinghong districtďź Yunnan Province. Nutrition education and intervention need to be enhanced to promote better food consumption behavior to improve the nutrition status and health
Efficient organic solar cells enabled by simple non-fused electron donors with low synthetic complexity
Abstract Fusedâring electron donors boost the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs), but they suffer from high cost and low yield for their large synthetic complexity (SC > 30%). Herein, the authors develop a series of simple nonâfusedâring electron donors, PF1 and PF2, which alternately consist of furanâ3âcarboxylate and 2,2â˛âbithiophene. Note that PF1 and PF2 present very small SC of 9.7% for their inexpensive raw materials, facile synthesis, and high synthetic yield. Compared to their allâthiopheneâbackbone counterpart PTâE, two new polymers feature larger conjugated plane, resulting in higher hole mobility for them, especially a value up to â10 â4 cm 2 V â1 ¡s for PF2 with longer alkyl side chain. Meanwhile, PF1 and PF2 exhibit larger dielectric constant and deeper electronic energy level versus PTâE. Benefiting from the better physicochemical properties, the efficiencies of PF1â and PF2âbased devices are improved by â16.7% and â71.3% relative to that PTâEâbased devices, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized PF2âbased devices with introducing PC 71 BM as the third component deliver a higher efficiency of 12.40%. The work not only indicates that furanâ3âcarboxylate is a simple yet efficient building block for constructing nonâfusedâring polymers but also provides a promising electron donor PF2 for the lowâcost production of OSCs.A simple structure nonâfusedâring electron donor PF2 alternately consisting of furanâ3âcarboxylate and 2,2â˛âbithiophene presents very small synthetic complexity of 9.7% as well as low material cost of â19.0 $ g â1 . More importantly, PF2 delivers a high efficiency of 12.4% coupled with strong operational stability. imag
An H5N1 M2e-based multiple antigenic peptide vaccine confers heterosubtypic protection from lethal infection with pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus
Background. A 2009 global influenza pandemic caused by a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus has posted an increasing threat of a potential pandemic by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, driving us to develop an influenza vaccine which confers cross-protection against both H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. Previously, we have shown that a tetra-branched multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) vaccine based on the extracellular domain of M2 protein (M2e) from H5N1 virus (H5N1-M2e-MAP) induced strong immune responses and cross-protection against different clades of HPAI H5N1 viruses. In this report, we investigated whether such M2e-MAP presenting the H5N1-M2e consensus sequence can afford heterosubtypic protection from lethal challenge with the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus. Results. Our results demonstrated that H5N1-M2e-MAP plus Freund's or aluminum adjuvant induced strong cross-reactive IgG antibody responses against M2e of the pandemic H1N1 virus which contains one amino acid variation with M2e of H5N1 at position 13. These cross-reactive antibodies may maintain for 6 months and bounced back quickly to the previous high level after the 2nd boost administered 2 weeks before virus challenge. H5N1-M2e-MAP could afford heterosubtypic protection against lethal challenge with pandemic H1N1 virus, showing significant decrease of viral replications and obvious alleviation of histopathological damages in the challenged mouse lungs. 100% and 80% of the H5N1-M2e-MAP-vaccinated mice with Freund's and aluminum adjuvant, respectively, survived the lethal challenge with pandemic H1N1 virus. Conclusions. Our results suggest that H5N1-M2e-MAP has a great potential to prevent the threat from re-emergence of pandemic H1N1 influenza and possible novel influenza pandemic due to the reassortment of HPAI H5N1 virus with the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. Š 2010 Zhao et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.published_or_final_versio
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