Energy-Delay Tradeoffs of Virtual Base Stations With a Computational-Resource-Aware Energy Consumption Model

The next generation (5G) cellular network faces the challenges of efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability to support data traffic in the mobile Internet era. To tackle these challenges, cloud-based cellular architectures have been proposed where virtual base stations (VBSs) play a key role. VBSs bring further energy savings but also demands a new energy consumption model as well as the optimization of computational resources. This paper studies the energy-delay tradeoffs of VBSs with delay tolerant traffic. We propose a computational-resource-aware energy consumption model to capture the total energy consumption of a VBS and reflect the dynamic allocation of computational resources including the number of CPU cores and the CPU speed. Based on the model, we analyze the energy-delay tradeoffs of a VBS considering BS sleeping and state switching cost to minimize the weighted sum of power consumption and average delay. We derive the explicit form of the optimal data transmission rate and find the condition under which the energy optimal rate exists and is unique. Opportunities to reduce the average delay and achieve energy savings simultaneously are observed. We further propose an efficient algorithm to jointly optimize the data rate and the number of CPU cores. Numerical results validate our theoretical analyses and under a typical simulation setting we find more than 60% energy savings can be achieved by VBSs compared with conventional base stations under the EARTH model, which demonstrates the great potential of VBSs in 5G cellular systems.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted by ICCS'1

Integrated photonics modular arithmetic processor

Integrated photonics computing has emerged as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of electronic processors in the post-Moore era, capitalizing on the superiority of photonic systems. However, present integrated photonics computing systems face challenges in achieving high-precision calculations, consequently limiting their potential applications, and their heavy reliance on analog-to-digital (AD) and digital-to-analog (DA) conversion interfaces undermines their performance. Here we propose an innovative photonic computing architecture featuring scalable calculation precision and a novel photonic conversion interface. By leveraging Residue Number System (RNS) theory, the high-precision calculation is decomposed into multiple low-precision modular arithmetic operations executed through optical phase manipulation. Those operations directly interact with the digital system via our proposed optical digital-to-phase converter (ODPC) and phase-to-digital converter (OPDC). Through experimental demonstrations, we showcase a calculation precision of 9 bits and verify the feasibility of the ODPC/OPDC photonic interface. This approach paves the path towards liberating photonic computing from the constraints imposed by limited precision and AD/DA converters.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figure

Online near-infrared analysis coupled with MWPLS and SiPLS models for the multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction of licorice (Gancao)

Additional file 1. Table S1. The sampling intervals in different extraction phases. Table S2. The HPLC results of different indicators. Table S3. The evaluation parameters of PLS and SiPLS models

Chromogenic and fluorogenic detection of a nerve agent simulant with a rhodamine-deoxylactam based sensor

A chromogenic and fluorogenic detection of a nerve agent simulant was developed based on diethyl chlorophosphate triggered tandem phosphorylation and intramolecular cyclization of N-(rhodamine B)-deoxylactam-2-aminoethanol.NSF China[20802060, 21072162]; Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China[2011J06004]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[2011121020

Determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma was developed. After addition of midazolam as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used as sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C18 (2.1 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with acetonitrile-0.1 % formic acid as mobile phase with gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to quantification using target fragment ions m/z 394→336 for erlotinib and m/z 326→291 for the IS. Calibration plots were linear over the range of 5-2000 ng/mL for erlotinib in plasma. Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for erlotinib was 5 ng/mL. Mean recovery of erlotinib from plasma was in the range 84.5-95.7 %. CV of intra-day and interday precision were both less than 12 %. This method is simple and sensitive enough to be used in pharmacokinetic research for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma was developed. After addition of midazolam as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used as sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C18 (2.1 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with acetonitrile-0.1 % formic acid as mobile phase with gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to quantification using target fragment ions m/z 394→336 for erlotinib and m/z 326→291 for the IS. Calibration plots were linear over the range of 5-2000 ng/mL for erlotinib in plasma. Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for erlotinib was 5 ng/mL. Mean recovery of erlotinib from plasma was in the range 84.5-95.7 %. CV of intra-day and interday precision were both less than 12 %. This method is simple and sensitive enough to be used in pharmacokinetic research for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

A 550,000-year record of East Asian monsoon rainfall from Be-10 in loess

Cosmogenic Be-10 flux from the atmosphere is a proxy for rainfall. Using this proxy, we derived a 550,000-year-long record of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) rainfall from Chinese loess. This record is forced at orbital precession frequencies, with higher rainfall observed during Northern Hemisphere summer insolation maxima, although this response is damped during cold interstadials. The Be-10 monsoon rainfall proxy is also highly correlated with global ice-volume variations, which differs from Chinese cave delta O-18, which is only weakly correlated. We argue that both EASM intensity and Chinese cave delta O-18 are not governed by high-northern-latitude insolation, as suggested by others, but rather by low-latitude interhemispheric insolation gradients, which may also strongly influence global ice volume via monsoon dynamics