Synthesis of Heteroannulated Indolopyrazines through Domino N-H Palladium-Catalyzed/Metal-Free Oxidative C-H Bond Activation

A convenient approach to [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3′,4′:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-b]indoles and their heteroannulated analogues bearing various aryl substituents in the backbone has been developed. This synthetic protocol is based on Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig and subsequent annulation by intramolecular oxidative cyclodehydrogenation. The photophysical properties for new polycycles have been measured. © 2020 American Chemical Society.Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 18-29-23045, 18-33-00103-mol_aThis work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (research project no. 18-29-23045 mk). Y.A.K. would like to acknowledge the financial support for the part of the synthetic section from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (research project no. 18-33-00103-mol_a)

Voluntary refusal to commit a crime: significance, general and special signs

The article describes and examines the significance of the rule of the voluntary refusal to commit a crime, as well as explores its general and special signs. It is noted that the voluntary refusal to commit a crime is the rule contained in any modern, progressive law. In this vein, there are different theoretical approaches to the determination of its value and signs. The signs are debatable in nature, and their establishment by the law enforcer may cause difficulties. The difference between voluntary refusal to commit a crime, which is implemented in three functions, is determined, definitions of general signs of voluntary refusal are proposed, their content is clarified. Special signs of voluntary refusal are disclose

Microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed C-C coupling versus nucleophilic aromatic substitution of hydrogen (SN H) in 5-bromopyrimidine by action of bithiophene and its analogues

5-Bromopyrimidine reacts with 2,2′-bithiophene, [2,2′:5′, 2″]terthiophene and 2-phenylthiophene in the presence of a palladium catalyst to give 5-(het)aryl substituted pyrimidines due to the palladium-catalyzed aryl-aryl C-C coupling. However 5-bromo-4-(het)aryl- pyrimidines have been prepared from the same starting materials through the SN H-reaction catalyzed by a Lewis acid. Conditions for both types of reactions were optimized. All components of the reaction mixtures, including by-products, have been elucidated by gas-liquid chromatography/mass- spectrometry. Evidence for the structure of 4- and 5-bithiophenyl-substituted pyrimidines has first been obtained by means of X-ray crystallography analysis. Molecular orbital calculations (TDDFT), as well as the redox and optical measurements for all new compounds have also been performed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Citric acid wastewater as electron donor for biological sulfate reduction

Citrate-containing wastewater is used as electron donor for sulfate reduction in a biological treatment plant for the removal of sulfate. The pathway of citrate conversion coupled to sulfate reduction and the microorganisms involved were investigated. Citrate was not a direct electron donor for the sulfate-reducing bacteria. Instead, citrate was fermented to mainly acetate and formate. These fermentation products served as electron donors for the sulfate-reducing bacteria. Sulfate reduction activities of the reactor biomass with acetate and formate were sufficiently high to explain the sulfate reduction rates that are required for the process. Two citrate-fermenting bacteria were isolated. Strain R210 was closest related to Trichococcus pasteurii (99.5% ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence similarity). The closest relative of strain S101 was Veillonella montepellierensis with an rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.7%. Both strains had a complementary substrate range

Microbial diversity and biogeochemical cycling in soda lakes

Soda lakes contain high concentrations of sodium carbonates resulting in a stable elevated pH, which provide a unique habitat to a rich diversity of haloalkaliphilic bacteria and archaea. Both cultivation-dependent and -independent methods have aided the identification of key processes and genes in the microbially mediated carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur biogeochemical cycles in soda lakes. In order to survive in this extreme environment, haloalkaliphiles have developed various bioenergetic and structural adaptations to maintain pH homeostasis and intracellular osmotic pressure. The cultivation of a handful of strains has led to the isolation of a number of extremozymes, which allow the cell to perform enzymatic reactions at these extreme conditions. These enzymes potentially contribute to biotechnological applications. In addition, microbial species active in the sulfur cycle can be used for sulfur remediation purposes. Future research should combine both innovative culture methods and state-of-the-art ‘meta-omic’ techniques to gain a comprehensive understanding of the microbes that flourish in these extreme environments and the processes they mediate. Coupling the biogeochemical C, N, and S cycles and identifying where each process takes place on a spatial and temporal scale could unravel the interspecies relationships and thereby reveal more about the ecosystem dynamics of these enigmatic extreme environments

Alkaliflexus imshenetskii gen. nov sp nov., a new alkaliphilic gliding carbohydrate-fermenting bacterium with propionate formation from a soda lake

Anaerobic saccharolytic bacteria thriving at high pH values were studied in a cellulose-degrading enrichment culture originating from the alkaline lake, Verkhneye Beloye (Central Asia). In situ hybridization of the enrichment culture with 16S rRNA-targeted probes revealed that abundant, long, thin, rod-shaped cells were related to Cytophaga. Bacteria of this type were isolated with cellobiose and five isolates were characterized. Isolates were thin, flexible, gliding rods. They formed a spherical cyst-like structure at one cell end during the late growth phase. The pH range for growth was 7.5–10.2, with an optimum around pH 8.5. Cultures produced a pinkish pigment tentatively identified as a carotenoid. Isolates did not degrade cellulose, indicating that they utilized soluble products formed by so far uncultured hydrolytic cellulose degraders. Besides cellobiose, the isolates utilized other carbohydrates, including xylose, maltose, xylan, starch, and pectin. The main organic fermentation products were propionate, acetate, and succinate. Oxygen, which was not used as electron acceptor, impaired growth. A representative isolate, strain Z-7010, with Marinilabilia salmonicolor as the closest relative, is described as a new genus and species, Alkaliflexus imshenetskii. This is the first cultivated alkaliphilic anaerobic member of the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides phylum

The spatial change of the indicators of consumer market

Improvement of the quality of life throughout the country is a current issue when performing the primary targets of the market. The research on the spatial organization of the consumer market are known worldwide. In Russia, the concept of the spatial organization of the regional consumer market as an economic system included in the region space has not become widespread yet. This paper presents an assessment of spatial differentiation and spatial autocorrelation in the development of the consumer market. We have analyzed retail turnover, price index for goods, per capita income in 82 regions of the Russian Federation for 2000-2016. To study of spatial differentiation and connectedness, we used statistical and econometrics methods (the oscillation rate, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Moran index, LISA statistics, regression models, including a spatial lag model and spatial error model). The analysis has shown that the space of consumer market in the Russian Federation becomes more homogeneous. At the same time, there are regions with common and different trends in the development of regional markets. We identified the general trends in the indicators variations: retail turnover per capita, per capita income, price index. Under uncertainty, we could identify two groups of regions. The first group of regions is in the European part of Russia and have a higher growth of the price index. The second group of regions is the Asian part of the country and has more moderate growth. The construction of models with a spatial lag and spatial error has allowed confirming that the spatial aspect is important in the dynamics of retail turnover of the Russian Federation. Further research should investigate the dependencies of regions on interregional deliveries as well as find the ways to improve the spatial organization of the consumer market. © 2018 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.Рассмотрены пространственная дифференциация и автокорреляция в развитии розничного рынка товаров. Построена модель, позволяющая прогнозировать изменение рынка потребительских товаров региона и учитывающая индекс опережающего значения цен относительно доходов. Определены тенденции к снижению пространственной автокорреляции по обороту розничной торговли и к ее повышению по среднедушевым денежным доходам