297 research outputs found
Effects of injection rate profile on combustion process and emissions in a diesel engine
When multi-injection is implemented in diesel engine via high pressure common-rail injection system, changed interval between injection pulses can induce variation of injection rate profile for sequential injection pulse, though other control parameters are same. Variations of injection rate shape which influence the air-fuel mixing and combustion process will be important for designing injection strategy. In this research, CFD numerical simulations using KIVA-3V were conducted for examining the effects of injection rate shape on diesel combustion and emissions. After the model was validated by experimental results, five different shapes (including rectangle, slope, triangle, trapezoid and wedge) of injection rate profiles were investigated. Modelling results demonstrate that injection rate shape can have obvious influence on heat release process and heat release traces which cause different combustion process and emissions. It is observed that the baseline - rectangle (flat) shape of injection rate can have better balance between NOx and soot emissions than other investigated shapes. As wedge shape brings about the lowest NOx emissions due to retarded heat release, it produces highest soot emissions among five shapes. Trapezoid shape has the lowest soot emissions, while its NOx is not the highest one. The highest NOx emissions was produced by triangle shape due to higher peak injection rate
Large Eddy Simulation analysis on confined swirling flows in a gas turbine swirl burner
This paper describes a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) investigation into flow fields in a model gas turbine combustor equipped with a swirl burner. A probability density function was used to describe the interaction physics of chemical reaction and turbulent flow as liquid fuel was directly injected into the combustion chamber and rapidly mixed with the swirling air. Simulation results showed that heat release during combustion accelerated the axial velocity motion and made the recirculation zone more compact. As the combustion was taking place under lean burn conditions, NO emissions was less than 10 ppm. Finally, the effects of outlet contraction on swirling flows and combustion instability were investigated. Results suggest that contracted outlet can enhance the generation of a Central Vortex Core (CVC) flow structure. As peak RMS of velocity fluctuation profiles at center-line suggested the turbulent instability can be enhanced by CVC motion, the Power Spectrum Density (PSD) amplitude also explained that the oscillation at CVC position was greater than other places. Both evidences demonstrated that outlet contraction can increase the instability of the central field.
 [m1]Is’t right?
Yes
Detection of Linkage Between Solar and Lunar Cycles and Runoff of the World\u27s Large Rivers
It is an ongoing concern that global hydrological cycle can be likely intensified under context of climate change and anthropogenic actions. Here, our results show that the solar and lunar periodic motions (SLPMs) have substantial impact on the runoff of the world\u27s large rivers. We estimate that SLPMs can produce a change of the world\u27s large rivers runoff by as much as 6.7%. Although climate models suggest that the increased frequency of extreme events is attributed to anthropogenic activities, it is out of our expectation that as much as 73% and 85% of the extreme flood and drought events (based on runoff discharged to the ocean) appear in resonance with SLPMs, respectively. A reevaluation of impacts of SLPMs on changes in the world\u27s river runoff is urgently needed, especially when extreme drought and flood events are on the rise
UniCATS: A Unified Context-Aware Text-to-Speech Framework with Contextual VQ-Diffusion and Vocoding
The utilization of discrete speech tokens, divided into semantic tokens and
acoustic tokens, has been proven superior to traditional acoustic feature
mel-spectrograms in terms of naturalness and robustness for text-to-speech
(TTS) synthesis. Recent popular models, such as VALL-E and SPEAR-TTS, allow
zero-shot speaker adaptation through auto-regressive (AR) continuation of
acoustic tokens extracted from a short speech prompt. However, these AR models
are restricted to generate speech only in a left-to-right direction, making
them unsuitable for speech editing where both preceding and following contexts
are provided. Furthermore, these models rely on acoustic tokens, which have
audio quality limitations imposed by the performance of audio codec models. In
this study, we propose a unified context-aware TTS framework called UniCATS,
which is capable of both speech continuation and editing. UniCATS comprises two
components, an acoustic model CTX-txt2vec and a vocoder CTX-vec2wav.
CTX-txt2vec employs contextual VQ-diffusion to predict semantic tokens from the
input text, enabling it to incorporate the semantic context and maintain
seamless concatenation with the surrounding context. Following that,
CTX-vec2wav utilizes contextual vocoding to convert these semantic tokens into
waveforms, taking into consideration the acoustic context. Our experimental
results demonstrate that CTX-vec2wav outperforms HifiGAN and AudioLM in terms
of speech resynthesis from semantic tokens. Moreover, we show that UniCATS
achieves state-of-the-art performance in both speech continuation and editing
Polyethylenimine nanogels incorporated with ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles and doxorubicin for MR imaging-guided chemotherapy of tumors
Development of versatile nanoplatforms for cancer
theranostics remains a hot topic in the area of nanomedicine. We report
here a general approach to create polyethylenimine (PEI)-based hybrid
nanogels (NGs) incorporated with ultrasmall iron oxide (Fe3O4)
nanoparticles (NPs) and doxorubicin for T1-weighted MR imaging guided chemotherapy of tumors. In this study, PEI NGs were first
prepared using an inverse emulsion approach along with Michael
addition reaction to cross-link the NGs, modified with citric acid stabilized ultrasmall Fe3O4 NPs through 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)-
propyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) coupling, and physically
loaded with anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The formed hybrid
NGs possess good water dispersibility and colloidal stability, excellent
DOX loading efficiency (51.4%), pH-dependent release profile of DOX
with an accelerated release rate under acidic pH, and much higher r1
relaxivity (2.29 mM−1 s
−1
) than free ultrasmall Fe3O4 NPs (1.15 mM−1 s
−1
). In addition, in contrast to the drug-free NGs that
possess good cytocompatibility, the DOX-loaded hybrid NGs display appreciable therapeutic activity and can be taken up by cancer
cells in vitro. With these properties, the developed hybrid NGs enabled effective inhibition of tumor growth under the guidance of
T1-weighted MR imaging. The developed hybrid NGs may be applied as a versatile nanoplatform for MR imaging-guided
chemotherapy of tumors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Experiments on bright field and dark field high energy electron imaging with thick target material
Using a high energy electron beam for the imaging of high density matter with
both high spatial-temporal and areal density resolution under extreme states of
temperature and pressure is one of the critical challenges in high energy
density physics . When a charged particle beam passes through an opaque target,
the beam will be scattered with a distribution that depends on the thickness of
the material. By collecting the scattered beam either near or off axis,
so-called bright field or dark field images can be obtained. Here we report on
an electron radiography experiment using 45 MeV electrons from an S-band
photo-injector, where scattered electrons, after interacting with a sample, are
collected and imaged by a quadrupole imaging system. We achieved a few
micrometers (about 4 micrometers) spatial resolution and about 10 micrometers
thickness resolution for a silicon target of 300-600 micron thickness. With
addition of dark field images that are captured by selecting electrons with
large scattering angle, we show that more useful information in determining
external details such as outlines, boundaries and defects can be obtained.Comment: 7pages, 7 figure
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Structural basis of interaction between the hepatitis C virus p7 channel and its blocker hexamethylene amiloride
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Mutual promotion between aerosol particle liquid water and particulate nitrate enhancement leads to severe nitrate-dominated particulate matter pollution and low visibility
As has been the case in North America and western Europe, the SO2 emissions have substantially reduced in the North China Plain (NCP) in recent years. Differential rates of reduction in SO2 and NOx concentrations result in the frequent occurrence of particulate matter pollution dominated by nitrate (pNO−3) over the NCP. In this study, we observed a polluted episode with the particulate nitrate mass fraction in nonrefractory PM1 (NR-PM1) being up to 44 % during wintertime in Beijing. Based on this typical pNO−3-dominated haze event, the linkage between aerosol water uptake and pNO−3 enhancement, further impacting on visibility degradation, has been investigated based on field observations and theoretical calculations. During haze development, as ambient relative humidity (RH) increased from ∼10 % to 70 %, the aerosol particle liquid water increased from ∼1 µg m−3 at the beginning to ∼75 µg m−3 in the fully developed haze period. The aerosol liquid water further increased the aerosol surface area and volume, enhancing the condensational loss of N2O5 over particles. From the beginning to the fully developed haze, the condensational loss of N2O5 increased by a factor of 20 when only considering aerosol surface area and volume of dry particles, while increasing by a factor of 25 when considering extra surface area and volume due to water uptake. Furthermore, aerosol liquid water favored the thermodynamic equilibrium of HNO3 in the particle phase under the supersaturated HNO3 and NH3 in the atmosphere. All the above results demonstrated that pNO−3 is enhanced by aerosol water uptake with elevated ambient RH during haze development, in turn facilitating the aerosol take-up of water due to the hygroscopicity of particulate nitrate salt. Such mutual promotion between aerosol particle liquid water and particulate nitrate enhancement can rapidly degrade air quality and halve visibility within 1 d. Reduction of nitrogen-containing gaseous precursors, e.g., by control of traffic emissions, is essential in mitigating severe haze events in the NCP
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Remarkable nucleation and growth of ultrafine particles from vehicular exhaust
High levels of ultrafine particles (UFPs; diameter of less than 50 nm) are frequently produced from new particle formation under urban conditions, with profound implications on human health, weather, and climate. However, the fundamental mechanisms of new particle formation remain elusive, and few experimental studies have realistically replicated the relevant atmospheric conditions. Previous experimental studies simulated oxidation of one compound or a mixture of a few compounds, and extrapolation of the laboratory results to chemically complex air was uncertain. Here, we show striking formation of UFPs in urban air from combining ambient and chamber measurements. By capturing the ambient conditions (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, sunlight, and the types and abundances of chemical species), we elucidate the roles of existing particles, photochemistry, and synergy of multipollutants in new particle formation. Aerosol nucleation in urban air is limited by existing particles but negligibly by nitrogen oxides. Photooxidation of vehicular exhaust yields abundant precursors, and organics, rather than sulfuric acid or base species, dominate formation of UFPs under urban conditions. Recognition of this source of UFPs is essential to assessing their impacts and developing mitigation policies. Our results imply that reduction of primary particles or removal of existing particles without simultaneously limiting organics from automobile emissions is ineffective and can even exacerbate this problem
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