101 research outputs found
ΠΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ
ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π° Π²ΠΎ Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π³Π°Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° βΠΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½β ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ: ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎ
-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π°ΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π° Π±Π΅Π°
ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎ -ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
Π΄-Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΅Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈ,
ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ».) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ 1:4
Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ°, ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΓ¨ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ: Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π±Π΅Π», Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π°Π²ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΠΊΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΠΊΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎ Π°Π²ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΠΊΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ, ΡΓ¨ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, Π·Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ° Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ. Π Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠΈ,
ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΓ¨ ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π·Π° Ρ
ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ, Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ, Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ°, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ) Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ (ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ) ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄, Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡ, LCA (life cycle assessment)
Apparel Industry in Macedonia, Conditions and Challenges
Around 395 registered companies in Macedonia work with apparel manufacturing. Even though they are spread across the whole country, the largest number of companies β 119 (or 30%) are located in the East region.
This industrial activity employs 31,742 employees or 6.1% of Macedoniaβs working population. Compared to 2012, a 4.8% decrease is noted. The cumulative manufacturing index for 2014/2015 is 107, and the manufacturing index for 2015 (compared to 2010) is 136. Textile production participates with 11.7% in the total export of the country, and with 6.9% in the import.
The textile industry participates with 15.5% in the total gross domestic product, while in the industrial it participates with 21.8%. The textile industry participates in the total export with 26%, and employees 28% of the total number of employees in the industry. 93% of the apparel production is organized according to the CMT system for the foreign markets, mostly the European countries. The added value is low because 92-42% of the production is Lon, which brings small profits, even though the companies manufacture for quite famous worldwide brands.
Statistic data shows there is a necessity for changing the manufacturing structure towards products with higher added value, i.e. products for internal use. For this, hiring larger domestic capacities and resources is required
Enzymes and wine β the enhanced quality and yield
Enzymes are a natural and fundamental element of the winemaking process. These enzymes originate from the grape, yeasts and other microbes associated with vineyards and wine cellars. Grape enzymes are however inactive under the pH and SO2 conditions associated with winemaking. Fungal pectinases are resistant to these winemaking conditions. The method used to produce wine enzymes for use in the EU is regulated by the Office International de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV). Nowadays, they are also a commercial product found in many wineries. The most widely used enzymes available for commercial use are: pectinases, hemicellulases, glycosidases and glucanases. From the pre-fermentation stage, through fermentation, post-fermentation and aging, enzymes catalyze various biotransformation reactions. In the past years, enzymes have been increasingly used for enhancing the quality of wines. They have the potential to make more extracted and more aromatic wines and to accelerate the winemaking process. This review summarizes the most important types of commercial enzymes applied to winemaking and their effects on the process technology and the quality of the final product
4 Π (Π Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, Π Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, Π Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ)
4 Π -Π Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ½Π° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠ°: Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°
Π¦Π΅Π»Π½Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ:
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°;
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, Π·Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ, Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ;
Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π¨ΡΠΈΠΏ.
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ:
ΠΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄;
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»;
ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅;
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π΄;
ΠΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ;
ΠΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈ β Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠ½
Water absorption and dimensional stability of shoe insoles
The aim of this research was to study water absorption and dimensional stability of shoe insoles. The dimensional stability was indicated by swelling,
increase in size of the sample, and shrinkage. Tests were performed ac¬cording to the relevant ISO standards. Eight shoe insoles with different
compositions were used in the experiment. The experimental results have shown that the water absorption ability of insoles is influenced by the
composition and structure of insole components. The statistical analysis of the experimental results has shown a positive linear correlation between
water absorption of insole and their swelling, and a negative linear correlation between swelling and increase in size of the samples. The shrinkage
of all eight insoles was less than 1%
Commonly used textile fibers in composite industry for special purposes
In the composite industry for special purposes various textile materials can be apply, but in the technology of advanced composites dominate: glass, carbon, aramide and polyethylene fibers. Fiber reinforcement became dominant in many engineering applications due to the possibilities of designing various properties of composite materials by changing the arrangements of different fibers. But not all types of fibers can be used as reinforcement of textile composites. Fibers to be utilized in composites should have specific properties, such as high modulus of elasticity, high ultimate strength, uniform cross section, low variation of properties between individual fibers, and the ability to withstand fabrication without significant property loss. Textile composites are using high performance fibers such as glass, carbon/graphite, aromatic polyamides (aramides β Kevlar), polyesters (HM/HT PES), ceramic fibers, boron and silicon carbide fibers, etc.
Textile composites are being widely used in advanced structures in many industrial applications as storage and transport structures (tanks, pipes, hoses, etc.), geotechnical, aerospace, automotive and marine industries. One application of great interest nowadays is the energy production management, especially when it comes to wind energy (wind mills). Also, high amounts of textile reinforced composites are used in the production of sporting goods and protective equipment. An interesting application is in civil buildings, as walls reinforcement. This is because they possess outstanding physical, thermal and favorable mechanical properties, particularly light weight, high stiffness and strength, good fatigue resistance, excellent corrosion resistance and dimensional stability and attractive reinforcing materials with low production cost and easy handing.
In this review the main technical fibers used in textile composite: glass, carbon, aramids and high tenacity polyethylene fibers are discussed. They have superior mechanical characteristics so that can meet the specific demands of advanced composite applications. Each fiber has its own advantages and disadvantages. A comparison between reinforcing material properties is also shown.
In terms of technology, all specific processes from textile industries may be used to produce complex structures, but, due to their characteristics and the material geometry that results, they lead to different behavior and recommend materials for various applications. The main production processes employed in textile reinforcements are weaving, braiding, knitting and non-woven production. The selection of a specific technological process takes into account its architectural capabilities, the material characteristics and behavior (dimensional stability, mechanic strength, drapability and formability, etc.), as well as its suitability for the composite processing and application.
Key words: glass, carbon, aramids, polyethylene fibers, composites
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π’Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ 2022
ΠΠ° 31 ΠΠ°Ρ 2022 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ» ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π° 2021/2022 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. Π΄-Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. ΠΌ-Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π½ ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π΄ΠΎΡ. Π΄-Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅: ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ
Medical textiles, possibilites and chalenges
The medical textiles segment is the fastest growing sector of the
technical textile sector. Textile structures used in this field include yarns, woven ,
knitted, non - woven textile materials, textile composite, designed to meet specific
requirements of surgery, postoperative treatment and treatment of wounds and burns
under sterile conditions. Although textile materials are widely accepted for medical and
surgical applications, new areas of application are constantly emerging. Given the
uncertainties of covid 19, the pandemic directly and indirectly affects the medical textile
market. The forecasts are that in the following period the consumption of medical
textiles will continue to grow. This paper presents the possibilities and challenges for
fibrous structures in the field of medical and healthcare.
Key words: medical textile market, fibrous structure, non-implantable materials,
implantable materials, healthcare and hygiene product
Application of statistical process control in the production of women's blouse
Quality assurance in production processes is not related only to the peopleβs work, but also to the continuous technological advancement, as well as the application of methods and techniques to manage and assess the stability and capability of the production processes. To achieve success and sustainability of the process quality, managers must choose a methodology supported by different quality methods and techniques. The applications of statistical process control is one of the requirements of ISO 9001:2008. The essence of statistical process control is to ensure stable and predictable production process. In this paper, statistical control was applied in a production process of womenβs blouse. Three methods were used: check list, Pareto diagram and Ishikawa diagram. A checklist is a method used to record and analyze the defects that occur in a production process of women's blouse. This tool was used to systematize problems starting from the most important cases. The Pareto Chart is an auxiliary tool used to select the target and determine where to intervene first. The Ishikawa diagram provides an analysis of the causes that lead to the defect and the most important stage of this diagram is to define the problem correctly. The results obtained from quality control in the production process of womenβs blouses have shown that, seam puckering in the area of neckline and armhole are the defects that have the highest percentage in total number of defects. In order to eliminate the cause of occurrence of these defects, a change in the technological operation plan was made and according to it the new specimens were sewn to determine whether the seam pucker in neckline and armhole area would be eliminated.
Keywords: quality, check list, Pareto diagram, Ishikawa diagram, technological preparatio
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