Investigations of Influence on Power Quality of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

Abstract. Waveforms obtained from a superconducting Fault Current Limiter are investigated using the Prony modelling technique. Comparable measurements with the use of standard tools of spectral analysis (like FFT) fail because of short data available and low levels of higher spectral components

Physicochemical Properties of Ether-Functionalized Ionic Liquids: Understanding Their Irregular Variations with the Ether Chain Length

Ether groups are well-known for their unique contribution to low viscosity and high conductivity, and hence ether-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely studied and successfully employed in various applications. However, the ether chain length effect on physicochemical properties is complex and still lacks a systematic study. In this study, an attempt was made to provide a thorough understanding for such complexities. A series of ILs functionalized with various ether groups (C_<i>m</i>OC_<i>n</i>–, <i>n</i>, <i>m</i> = 1, 2, or 3) were synthesized and characterized, and their properties with irregular variations along the ether chain length were recorded and systematically analyzed. Generally, the irregular variations are mediated by three interrelated factors: the C_m– tail length, the −C_<i>n</i>– spacer length, and hydrogen bonding interaction. For example, though ROC₂– is bulkier by a CH₂ unit than ROC₁–, ROC₂-based imidazolium ILs are less viscous and more conductive than ROC₁–-based analogues, since ROC₁– is apt to form intermolecular rather than the five-membered-ring intramolecular hydrogen bonding with the imidazolium ring H atoms, while for ROC₂– the six-membered-ring intramolecular hydrogen bonding comes into prominence

Identification of Key Biomarkers Associated with Immunogenic Cell Death and Their Regulatory Mechanisms in Severe Acute Pancreatitis Based on WGCNA and Machine Learning

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of programmed cell death with a strong sense of inflammatory detection, whose powerful situational awareness can cause the reactivation of aberrant immunity. However, the role of ICD in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has yet to be investigated. This study aims to explore the pivotal genes associated with ICD in SAP and how they relate to immune infiltration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in order to provide a theoretical foundation for further, in-depth mechanistic studies. We downloaded GSE194331 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The use of differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis; weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis allowed us to identify a total of three ICD-related hub genes (LY96, BCL2, IFNGR1) in SAP. Furthermore, single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) demonstrated that hub genes are closely associated with the infiltration of specific immune cells, the activation of immune pathways and the metabolism of SCFAs (especially butyrate). These findings were validated through the analysis of gene expression patterns in both clinical patients and rat animal models of SAP. In conclusion, the first concept of ICD in the pathogenesis of SAP was proposed in our study. This has important implications for future investigations into the pro-inflammatory immune mechanisms mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the late stages of SAP

Physicochemical Properties of Ether-Functionalized Ionic Liquids: Understanding Their Irregular Variations with the Ether Chain Length

Ether groups are well-known for their unique contribution to low viscosity and high conductivity, and hence ether-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely studied and successfully employed in various applications. However, the ether chain length effect on physicochemical properties is complex and still lacks a systematic study. In this study, an attempt was made to provide a thorough understanding for such complexities. A series of ILs functionalized with various ether groups (C_<i>m</i>OC_<i>n</i>–, <i>n</i>, <i>m</i> = 1, 2, or 3) were synthesized and characterized, and their properties with irregular variations along the ether chain length were recorded and systematically analyzed. Generally, the irregular variations are mediated by three interrelated factors: the C_m– tail length, the −C_<i>n</i>– spacer length, and hydrogen bonding interaction. For example, though ROC₂– is bulkier by a CH₂ unit than ROC₁–, ROC₂-based imidazolium ILs are less viscous and more conductive than ROC₁–-based analogues, since ROC₁– is apt to form intermolecular rather than the five-membered-ring intramolecular hydrogen bonding with the imidazolium ring H atoms, while for ROC₂– the six-membered-ring intramolecular hydrogen bonding comes into prominence

Land Cover Mapping in Southwestern China Using the HC-MMK Approach

Land cover mapping in mountainous areas is a notoriously challenging task due to the rugged terrain and high spatial heterogeneity of land surfaces as well as the frequent cloud contamination of satellite imagery. Taking Southwestern China (a typical mountainous region) as an example, this paper established a new HC-MMK approach (Hierarchical Classification based on Multi-source and Multi-temporal data and geo-Knowledge), which was especially designed for land cover mapping in mountainous areas. This approach was taken in order to generate a 30 m-resolution land cover product in Southwestern China in 2010 (hereinafter referred to as CLC-SW2010). The multi-temporal native HJ (HuanJing, small satellite constellation for disaster and environmental monitoring) CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) images, Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) images and topographical data (including elevation, aspect, slope, etc.) were taken as the main input data sources. Hierarchical classification tree construction and a five-step knowledge-based interactive quality control were the major components of this proposed approach. The CLC-SW2010 product contained six primary categories and 38 secondary categories, which covered about 2.33 million km2 (accounting for about a quarter of the land area of China). The accuracies of primary and secondary categories for CLC-SW2010 reached 95.09% and 87.14%, respectively, which were assessed independently by a third-party group. This product has so far been used to estimate the terrestrial carbon stocks and assess the quality of the ecological environments. The proposed HC-MMK approach could be used not only in mountainous areas, but also for plains, hills and other regions. Meanwhile, this study could also be used as a reference for other land cover mapping projects over large areas or even the entire globe