Reasons for Endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe Languages

In the Tungus-Manchu group, the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages has been confirmed in the linguistic circles in China. Today, only aged people in some Manchu and Hezhe villages of Heilongjiang Province speak these two languages. This paper explores and analyzes the reasons for the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages and provides evidence of the general rules of language endangerment. The research shows that social, psychological and linguistic factors work together to endanger the two languages. Their switch and variation modes have jointly endangered themselves, and the gradual and sudden changes in their linguistic systems have played a joint force. This paper is significant as a reference for further research into universal rules for the endangered languages

The complete chloroplast genome of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R.Hunt

In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R.Hunt was investigated. The whole chloroplast genome sequence is 166,086 bp in length, which consists of a 94,376 bp large single copy (LSC) and an 18,678 bp small single copy (SSC) regions, separated by a pair of 26,518 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The chloroplast genome of T. pallida encodes 131 annotated known unique genes including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on chloroplast genome sequences demonstrated that T. pallida is most closely related to Belosynapsis ciliate

Implementation and characterization of liquid-level sensor based on a long-period fiber grating Mach-Zehnder interferometer

An optical liquid-level sensor (LLS) based on a long-period fiber grating (LPG) interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Two identical 3-dB LPGs are fabricated to form an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the fiber portion between two LPGs is exposed to the liquid as the sensing element. The sensitivity and measurement range of the sensors employing different orders of cladding modes are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results show good linearity and large measurement range. One of the significant advantages of such a sensing structure is that the measurement level is not limited to the length of the LPG itself. Also, the measurement range and sensitivity of the proposed LLS can be readily tailored for a particular applications