Observation and simulation of a bifurcating thunderstorm over Beijing

The aim of this study was the analysis and simulation of the life cycle of a bifurcating thunderstorm that passed over Beijing, China, on 22 July 2015. Data from 150 surface weather sites and an S-band radar were used in con-junction with WRF simulations that used its multilevel Building Environment Parameterization (BEP) urbanization option. The Urban-case simulation used Beijing land-use information, and the NoUrban one replaced all urban areas by croplands. The Urban case correctly simulated both the observed weak 10-m winds over Beijing (\u3c1.0 m s-1 ) and the weak 2-m urban heat island (\u3c0.58C). Observed radar and rain gauge data, as well as the Urban-case results, all showed precipitation bifurcation around Beijing, with maximum accumulations in convergent flow areas on either side of the city. The Urban case also reproduced the observed precipitation minima over the urban area and in a downwind rain shadow. The observations and Urban-case results both also showed bifurcated flow, even when the storm was still upwind of Beijing. The subsequent bifurcated precipitation areas thus each moved along a preexisting flow branch. Urban-case vertical sections showed downward motion in the divergence areas over the urban core and upward motions over the lateral convergence zones, both up to 6 km. Given that the NoUrban case showed none of these features, these differences demonstrate how the impact of cities can extend upward into deep local convection. Additional case-study simulations are needed to more fully understand urban storm bifurcation mechanisms in this and other storms for cities in a variety of climates

The Development of the Digital Twin Platform for Smart Mobility Systems With High-Resolution 3D Data

69A3551847102This project develops the main modules and algorithm models for the digital twin platform for a smart mobility testing ground currently under construction. LiDAR (Line Detection And Ranging)-sensor-based object detection and 3D infrastructure modeling modules are developed and tested in the project. The developed digital twin model is pilot tested to conduct near-miss analysis at the intersections of the DataCity Smart Mobility Testing Ground in New Brunswick, NJ

Trait evaluation and trial cultivation of Dongfang No. 2, the hybrid of a male gametophyte clone of Laminaria longissima (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) and a female one of L. japonica

Direct cultivation of the first filial generation of gametophyte clones from different Laminaria species is a highly effective way of utilizing kelp heterozygous vigor (heterosis). A male gametophyte clone of L. longissima Miyabe and a female one of L. japonica Areschoug were hybridized, generating Dongfang No. 2 hybrid kelp. This hybrid kelp was used directly in trial cultivation, and its agronomical traits were evaluated. L. longissima and L. japonica are obviously different and complement each other in their morphological characteristics and ecological performances. The hybrid of their gametophyte clones, Dongfang No. 2, showed 56.8% heterozygous vigor in yield. It also showed increased yields of 41.0 and 76.4% compared to the widely used commercial kelps Variety 1 and Variety 2, respectively. In large-scale cultivation trials at different locations and in different years, Dongfang No. 2 attained significantly higher yields than Varieties 1 and 2, increasing yield by 26.4% on average over Variety 1 and by 65.0% over the other. Dongfang No. 2 has a robust holdfast and a wide, long and deep-brown uniform blade, which shows a distinct middle groove. In addition to yield, Dongfang No. 2 also demonstrates obvious heterozygous vigor in other agronomic traits. It is resistant to strong irradiance, as the two commercial varieties are, has an appropriate vegetative maturation time, and adapts well to a range of different culture conditions. The parentage analysis using AFLP of total DNA and SNP of the ITS region of ribosomal RNA transcription unit showed that Dongfang No. 2 is the real hybrid of L. japonica and L. longissima