Defeating Sanctions: The Case of Libya and Iraq

This thesis investigates the interaction of sender countries (SC) and target countries (TC) in an economic sanctions episode. It conceives of each sanctions event as a game between two free thinking players, out to win, which the international relations theory of Realism best explains. After examining the historical success rates of sanctions cases using large and small N studies in the literature, it seeks to identify those sender vulnerabilities that TCs exploit in order to prevail. This work utilizes two case studies, Libya and Iraq, of sanctions episodes with the US as sanctions leader or leading sender. It breaks down each episode into multiple sanctions events. Having done that, the study next looks at the actions, reactions and counteractions that each side takes in order to gain and maintain the initiative, and ultimately prevail. This work concludes that using multiple instruments of national power in a \u27combines arms\u27 approach helps both sides in gaining and maintaining the initiative and in winning the game. Until now, TCs have employed their instruments of national power more effectively than SCs. This study concludes that TCs succeed at defeating economic sanctions when they combine their instruments of national power in a more optimal way than do the SCs, when the US and Europe do not act together, when the TC has friendly borders, and when the leading sender\u27s costs are lo

Population and Affective Perception: Biopolitics and Anticipatory Action in US Counterinsurgency Doctrine

This paper analyses the biopolitical logics of current US counterinsurgency doctrine in the context of the multiple forms of biopower that make up the “war on terror”. It argues that counterinsurgency doctrine aims to prevent spectral networked insurgencies by intervening on the “environment” of insurgent formation—the relations between three different enactments of “population” (species being, logistical life and ways of life) and a fourth—affectively imbued perception. Counterinsurgency is best characterised, then, as an “environmentality” (Foucault M 2008 The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collége De France, 1978–1979. Translated by G Burchell. London: Palgrave Macmillan) that redeploys elements from other forms of biopolitics alongside an emphasis on network topologies, future-orientated action and affective perception