Proceedings of the Conference on Human and Economic Resources

For energy experts the oil sources in the world except from Middle East end Khazar zone will be exhausted in the next 15 years. In this situation being dependent to outside by oil means that political,economical and ecological problems which focuses on energy’ll be the determinative component for world’s future. Most of the countries are looking out new ways for renewable energy sources like solar, geothermal, hydrogen, heave, biodiesel, wind energy. Between these alternatives wind energy and biodiesel are the most promising ones.The process of the energy problems and transforming them into oppotunities is valid for Turkey too. The aim of the study is to show the the problems due to the heavy usage of fossil fuel, and try to find out how these problems can be transformed into oppurtunities while using renewable energy sources general for world in special for Turkey.energy, Turkey, renewable energy

Diffusion of myosin V on microtubules

Organelle transport in eukaryotes employs both microtubule and actin tracks to deliver cargo effectively to their destinations, but the question of how the two systems cooperate is still largely unanswered. Recently, in vitro studies revealed that the actin-based processive motor myosin V also binds to, and diffuses along microtubules. This biophysical trick enables cells to exploit both tracks for the same transport process without switching motors. The detailed mechanisms underlying this behavior remain to be solved. By means of single molecule Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRFM), we show here that electrostatic tethering between the positively charged loop 2 and the negatively charged C-terminal E-hooks of microtubules is dispensable. Furthermore, our data indicate that in addition to charge-charge interactions, other interaction forces such as non-ionic attraction might account for myosin V diffusion. These findings provide evidence for a novel way of myosin tethering to microtubules that does not interfere with other E-hook-dependent processes

Myosin Va’s adaptor protein melanophilin enforces track selection on the microtubule and actin networks in vitro

Significance Inner organization of eukaryotic cells intimately depends on the active transport of diverse intracellular cargo on the ubiquitous actin and microtubule networks. The underlying mechanisms of such directional transport processes have been of outstanding interest. We studied a motor complex composed of Rab27a, melanophilin, and myosin Va and found, surprisingly, that the adaptor protein melanophilin toggled the binding preference toward actin or microtubules in vitro. Our results offer unexpected mechanistic insights into biasing the directionality of a moving organelle on the cytoskeleton through phospho-targeting the adaptor protein rather than its motor in vivo.</jats:p

Diffusion of Myosin V on Microtubules: A Fine-Tuned Interaction for Which E-Hooks Are Dispensable

Organelle transport in eukaryotes employs both microtubule and actin tracks to deliver cargo effectively to their destinations, but the question of how the two systems cooperate is still largely unanswered. Recently, in vitro studies revealed that the actin-based processive motor myosin V also binds to, and diffuses along microtubules. This biophysical trick enables cells to exploit both tracks for the same transport process without switching motors. The detailed mechanisms underlying this behavior remain to be solved. By means of single molecule Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRFM), we show here that electrostatic tethering between the positively charged loop 2 and the negatively charged C-terminal E-hooks of microtubules is dispensable. Furthermore, our data indicate that in addition to charge-charge interactions, other interaction forces such as non-ionic attraction might account for myosin V diffusion. These findings provide evidence for a novel way of myosin tethering to microtubules that does not interfere with other E-hook-dependent processes

Doğrudan yabancı yatırım ve sosyoekonomik durum ilişkisi : Türkiye çalışması

Yoksulluk, işsizlik, gelir dağılımı, sağlık ve eğitim seviyesi bir toplumun yaşam kalitesini gösteren sosyal göstergelerdir. Sosyal gelişmenin yaşanması için ekonomik gelişme yeterli olmamaktadır ve ülke kalkınması için yapılan analizlerde sosyal göstergelerin olmaması analizi yetersiz kılmakta ve gerçeklikten uzaklaştırmaktadır. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımın(DYY) ülke ekonomisi üzerindeki etkilerini ekonomik parametreler kullanarak inceleyen çalışmalar hızla artarken sosyal parametreleri kullanarak sosyal gelişim ile DYY arasındaki ilişkinin irdelenmesi ihmal edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile bu alandaki açığa ilişkin olarak Türkiye’ye ilişkin ekonomik parametrelerin yanı sıra sosyal parametrelerde kullanılarak DYY ‘ın sosyoekonomik üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucu, yabancı doğrudan yatırım ve sosyoekonomik koşullar arasında eşbütünleşik bir vektörün varlığını göstermetedir. Bu durum iki değişken arasında uzun dönemli bir denge ilişklisinin bulunduğunu belirtmektedir. Hata düzeltme modeli ise kısa dönemde DYY ve sosyo ekonomik koşullar arasında bir ilişkinin varlığına işaret etmektedir. Aynı zamanda sosyoekonomik koşullar da DYY üzerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkiye sahiptir.Economic development is not enough to improve social development. Social indicators, such as poverty, unemployment, income distribution, health and education are the key elements which show the quality of the life in society. An analysis of country development that does not include social parameters is insufficient and unrealistic. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and its impact on the economy is one of the most studied issues during the past few decades but there is still an untouched area in the literature concerning the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and FDI. With this paper, we investigate the social parameters as well as economic parameters for testing the relationship between FDI and socioeconomic conditions, using Turkish data. The results show that there is a cointegrating vector between FDI and socioeconomic conditions. This indicates that there is long run equilibrium relation between the two variables. The error correction model indicates that in the short-run there is causality between socioeconomic condition and FDI. Socioeconomic conditions have a positive and significant effect on FDI

Einzelmolekülmechanik und die Myosin-Familie der molekularen Motoren

Title and acknowledgement Table of contents Background and significance Aims of the project Materials and methods I Materials and methods II Materials and Methods III Results and Discussion I Results and Discussion II Results and Discussion III Zusammenfassung Abstract Literature TablesMyosin VI is a molecular motor that can walk processively on actin filaments with a 36 nm step size. The walking mechanism of myosin VI is controversial because it takes very large steps without an apparent lever arm of required length. Therefore, myosin VI has been argued to be the first exception to the widely established lever arm theory. It was therefore critical to directly demonstrate whether this motor walks hand-over-hand along actin in spite of its short lever arm. In the present work the displacement of a single myosin VI head was followed during the stepping process. A single head is displaced 72 nm during stepping, while the center of mass previously has been shown to move 36 nm. Thus, this result provides strong evidence for a hand-over-hand walking mechanism. The existence of a flexible element is hypothesized that would allow the motor to bridge the observed 72 nm distance. We established a new technique termed single molecule high resolution colocalization (SHREC) that allows the measurement of interfluorophore distances below the diffraction limit of the fluorophore s emitted light. To this end, two chromatically different fluorescent dyes were used as probes. The probes were imaged separately, and their centroids were localized individually with nanometer precision. Subsequently, the fluorophores positions were mapped onto the same space, which allowed the determination of the distance between them. With a lower resolution limit of ~10 nm, SHREC is a tool that can measure distances at scales between the upper resolution limit of single molecule FRET (~10 nm) and the lower resolution limit of fluorescence microscopy (~250 nm). The capability of SHREC was tested using the processive myosin V molecular motor. With its lever arms, myosin V walks hand-over-hand along actin. This mechanism predicts, similar to myosin VI, an alternation of the catalytic heads which we directly visualized with SHREC by labeling a motor s two lever arms with two different fluorophores. As predicted by the hand-over-hand model, we observed the fluorophores alternate positions as the motor walked along actin. The actin activated ATPase activity of full-length Dictyostelium myosin II is stimulated 6-fold upon reversible phosphorylation of its regulatory light chain (RLC). In contrast, the ATPase of the single headed S1 is activated regardless of the phosphorylation state of the RLC. The molecular mechanism of the regulation has remained unclear because the RLC is topographically far removed from the catalytic domain in available crystal structures. Unexpectedly, we observed the RLC crosslink to the catalytic domain in the single headed Dictyostelium myosin S1, suggesting an interaction between the RLC and S1. We also observed that phosphorylation of the RLC inhibited this crosslinking. The increased interactions between the head and the neck in the unphosphorylated state suggests a more bent conformation of the protein, as was seen in the unphosphorylated smooth muscle myosin II in electron microscopy experiments. The phosphorylation state dependent conformational change in the Dictyostelium Myosin S1 combined with previous structural information suggests a model for the regulation of the actin activated ATPase activity. In this model, dephosphorylation of the RLC favors a conformation in which the head cannot bind actin productively due to steric hindrance in the context of the full-length molecule.Myosin VI ist ein molekularer Motor, der mehrere 36 nm lange Schritte auf Aktinfilamenten nehmen kann. Der Laufmechanismus von Myosin VI ist jedoch umstritten, weil der Motor grosse Schritte nehmen kann, ohne die dafür erforderliche Hebelarmlänge zu besitzen. Daher wurde Myosin VI als erste Ausnahme der weitgehend etablierten Hebelarmtheorie angesehen. Es war demnach wichtig zu zeigen, ob Myosin VI trotz seines kurzen Hebelarms hand-over-hand auf Aktinfilamenten laufen kann. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein einzelner Kopf um 72 nm versetzt wird, sobald sich das Protein einen Schritt auf Aktin vorwärts bewegt. Weil diese Distanz der doppelten Schrittweite des Massezentrums von Myosin VI (36 nm) entspricht, demonstriert dieses Ergebnis, dass Myosin VI hand-over-hand auf Aktin läuft. Die Versetzung eines Kopfes um 72 nm impliziert die Existenz eines mechanisch dehnbaren Elements, das die Überbrückung der Distanz zwischen zwei Köpfen ermöglicht. Eine neue Technologie namens Single molecule High REsolution Colocalization (SHREC) wurde etabiliert, die es erlaubt, Distanzen zwischen zwei Fluorophoren in Makromolekülen unter der beugungsbegrenzten Auflösung des emitierten Lichts zu bestimmen. Hierbei wurden zwei spektral nicht überlappende Fluorophore verwendet. Diese wurden separat detektiert und deren Zentrum mit Nanometer Präzision einzeln lokalisiert. Anschlieβend wurden die Fluoreszenzzentren aufeinander projiziert und die Distanz zwischen ihnen bestimmt. Die SHREC Technologie kann mit einer unteren Auflösungsgrenze von ~10 nm die spektroskopische Kluft zwischen Einzel-Molekül FRET (~10 nm) und der beugungsbegrenzten Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (~250 nm) überbrücken. Das Potential dieser neuen Technologie wurde an dem prozessiven Myosin V Protein getestet. Myosin V kann mit seinen langen Hebelarmen hand-over-hand auf dem Aktinfilament laufen. Das Modell sagte ein periodisches Alternieren der Myosin V Köpfe während des Laufens vorher, das mit Hilfe der SHREC Technologie durch Markierung der beiden Köpfe mit zwei unterschiedlichen Fluorophoren direkt beobachtet werden konnte. Die reversible Phosphorylierung der regulatorischen Seitenkette (RLC) vom Wildtyp Dictyostelium Myosin II führt zu einer sechsfachen Stimulierung seiner Aktin-aktivierten ATP Hydrolyse. Im Gegensatz dazu ist diese Hydrolyse Aktivität der freien Köpfe (S1) unabhängig von der RLC Phosphorylierung. Der molekulare Mechanismus dieser Regulierung ist unbekannt, weil in den bekannten Kristallstrukturen die RLC weit entfernt von der katalytischen Domäne angeordnet ist. Es wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine unerwartete Interaktion zwischen dem Kopf und der RLC im Dictyostelium Myosin S1 entdeckt. Zudem wirkte die RLC Phosphorylierung inhibierend auf die Kopf- RLC Wechselwirkung. Eine erhöhte Interaktion zwischen dem Kopf und der RLC im unphosphoryliertem Zustand deutet auf eine gekrümmte Konformation hin wie sie auch für das unphosphorylierte Myosin II im glatten Muskel im Elektronenmikroskop beobachtet wurde. Die vom Phosphorylierungszustand abhängige Konformationsänderung zusammen mit Strukturinformationen aus früheren Studien, führte zu der Aufstellung eines Modells, das die RLC regulierte Aktinstimulierung der ATP Hydrolyse von Dictyostelium Myosin erklärt. In diesem Model führt die Dephosphorylierung der RLC zu einer Konformation des Wildtyp Proteins, die sterisch die Bindung von Aktin an Myosin behindert. Die Aktin Bindung von freien S1 Köpfen wird im Gegensatz dazu durch diese Konformationsänderung nicht beeinflusst

Ekonomide devlet,rekabet politikaları ve düzenlemeler;Türkiye üzerine bir çalışma

TEZ5252Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2004.Kaynakça (s. 220-248) var.vi, 248 s. ; 30cm.

Orem's Theory with Educational Telephone Follow-ups: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The authors of this study examined the effect of Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory (OSCDT) based education and telephone follow-ups on the self-care agency, anxiety, loneliness, and well-being of patients with colorectal cancer chemotherapy. In this study, data of 47 patients with colorectal cancer (randomly assigned into the intervention or control group) were collected between April 2016 and March 2017 from a university hospital's daytime chemotherapy unit in Turkey. Before chemotherapy, the intervention group was given individualized education based on the OSCDT and an educational booklet. After chemotherapy treatments, these patients received a telephone follow-up call. The control group received only routine nursing care. The self-care agency and general well-being, and its sub-dimensions, of the intervention group increased, and its state-trait anxiety and loneliness levels decreased, when compared with the control group. Nurses must play a more active role in education and follow-ups, and telephone follow-ups should be included in nursing care in chemotherapy units