The site-specific primary calibration conditions for the Brewer spectrophotometer

The Brewer ozone spectrophotometer (the Brewer) is one of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)’s standard ozone-monitoring instruments since the 1980s. The entire global Brewer ozone-monitoring network is operated and maintained via a hierarchical calibration chain, which started from world reference instruments that are independently calibrated via the primary calibration method (PCM) at a premium site (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii). These world reference instruments have been maintained by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) in Toronto for the last 4 decades. Their calibration is transferred to the travelling standard instrument and then to network (field) Brewer instruments at their monitoring sites (all via the calibration transfer method; CTM)

The neutron and its role in cosmology and particle physics

Experiments with cold and ultracold neutrons have reached a level of precision such that problems far beyond the scale of the present Standard Model of particle physics become accessible to experimental investigation. Due to the close links between particle physics and cosmology, these studies also permit a deep look into the very first instances of our universe. First addressed in this article, both in theory and experiment, is the problem of baryogenesis ... The question how baryogenesis could have happened is open to experimental tests, and it turns out that this problem can be curbed by the very stringent limits on an electric dipole moment of the neutron, a quantity that also has deep implications for particle physics. Then we discuss the recent spectacular observation of neutron quantization in the earth's gravitational field and of resonance transitions between such gravitational energy states. These measurements, together with new evaluations of neutron scattering data, set new constraints on deviations from Newton's gravitational law at the picometer scale. Such deviations are predicted in modern theories with extra-dimensions that propose unification of the Planck scale with the scale of the Standard Model ... Another main topic is the weak-interaction parameters in various fields of physics and astrophysics that must all be derived from measured neutron decay data. Up to now, about 10 different neutron decay observables have been measured, much more than needed in the electroweak Standard Model. This allows various precise tests for new physics beyond the Standard Model, competing with or surpassing similar tests at high-energy. The review ends with a discussion of neutron and nuclear data required in the synthesis of the elements during the "first three minutes" and later on in stellar nucleosynthesis.Comment: 91 pages, 30 figures, accepted by Reviews of Modern Physic

Die Träger der apostolischen Tradition im Kolosserbrief

keine vorhanden

Simulation of Demand Side Management with frequency-dependent load profiles in isolated grids

Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersZsfassung in engl. SpracheUm jene Fragen klären zu können, die sich bei einer Realisierung von Demand Side Management (DSM) speziell im Haushaltsbereich stellen, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Simulationsmodell entwickelt, das einerseits Verbraucher im Haushalt, andererseits die Auswirkungen von verschiedenen DSM-Systemen auf deren Leistungsaufnahme nachbilden kann.Dazu wurden die Verbrauchergruppen in einem Haushalt in ihrem Verhalten nachgebildet. Die einzelnen Verbrauchergruppen werden mit Hilfe von so genannten Geräteklassen modelliert. Dabei wurde darauf geachtet, dass das simulierte Verhalten dieser Geräteklassen möglichst ähnlich der von realen Geräten ist.Die zu untersuchenden DSM-Systeme sollen einen einfachen Aufbau aufweisen und ohne zusätzliche Kommunikation zwischen den Verbrauchern auskommen. Die Information über die Notwendigkeit eines Eingriffs in die Leistungsaufnahme der Verbraucher soll aus der Netzfrequenz ermittelt werden. Dazu wurden verschiedene Algorithmen entwickelt, mit denen ein DSM-System ausgestattet werden kann. Diese Algorithmen lassen sich zu verschiedenen DSM-Systemen kombinieren um die Auswirkungen von diesen untersuchen zu können.Mit Hilfe von bereits bekannten Lastgängen, durchgeführten Messungen und weiteren Daten konnte ein Modell der Verbraucher für einen gemittelten Tageslastgang erstellt und überprüft werden. Dieses Modell diente in weiterer Folge als Grundlage für erste Untersuchungen von DSM-Systemen. Mit Hilfe dieser Ergebnisse können bereits erste Anforderungen an eine Realisierung von DSM gewonnen werden.In order to answer the questions that arise especially in the household sector with an implementation of Demand Side Management (DSM), a simulation model was developed in this thesis, which can reproduce the behavior of household devices on the one hand and the effects of various DSM-systems on their power consumption on the other hand.For this purpose, the different groups of consumers in a household were simulated in their behavior. Each group of consumers is modeled by using so called device-classes. Care was taken that the simulated behavior of these classes is as similar as possible to that of real devices.The DSM-systems to be examined should not require any additional communication between the con-sumers and have a simple structure. The information on the need for an intervention in the power con-sumption of the devices is to be determined from the line frequency. Thus, different algorithms a DSM-system can be equipped with have been developed. These algorithms can be combined to form different DSM-systems to examine the effects they may have.With the help of already known load curves, through measurements and additional data, a model of the devices of a household for an average daily load was established and verified.This model was used subsequently as the basis for initial investigations of different DSM-systems. Using these results, initial demands for a realization of DSM can already be obtained.12

Characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates produced by Synechocystis salina from digestate supernatant

The current commercial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is based on heterotrophic bacteria, using organic carbon sources from crops. To avoid the competition with food and feed production, cyanobacteria, metabolising PHA from carbon dioxide can be used. This research focuses on the investigation of the thermal and rheological properties of PHA polymers accumulated by Synechocystis salina, which had been cultivated in digestate supernatant and a mineral medium. The dried bacterial cells had a polymer content of 5.5-6.6%. The relevance of the derived PHA polymers for the common melt polymer processing was correlated with their molecular mass distribution as well as with their thermal and rheological properties. The determined thermal and rheological properties showed that PHA polymers accumulated by S. salina on digestate supernatant or mineral medium are comparable with the commercial available poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). However, the results showed that PHA polymers in general require modification before melt processing to increase their stability in the molten state. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.Austrian Climate and Energy Funds (Austrian Research Promotion Agency) [834422]; EVN AG; ANDRITZ AG; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the program IWB Upper Austria; project Biorest; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the NPU I program [LO1504